Arcus Biosciences Inc

NYSE:RCUS

Earnings Call Transcript 2024-Q1

[Operator]

Hello, and welcome to Arcus Biosciences First Quarter 2024 Earnings Call. My name is Lydia, and I will be your operator today. [Operator Instructions] I'll now hand you over to Pia Eaves, Vice President of Investor Relations and Strategy.

[Pia Eaves, executive]

Hello, everyone, and thank you for joining us on today's conference call to discuss Arcus' First Quarter 2024 Financial Results and Pipeline Updates. I'd like to remind you that on this call, management will make forward-looking statements, including statements about our cash runway and our expected clinical development milestones and time lines. All statements other than historical facts reflect the current beliefs and expectations of management and involve risks and uncertainties that may cause our actual results to differ from those expressed. .

Those risks and uncertainties are described in our annual report on Form 10-K and quarterly report on Form 10-Q, which have been filed with the SEC. We strongly encourage you to review our filings. Today, you'll hear from our CEO, Terry Rosen; COO, Jennifer Jarrett; and CFO, Bob Goeltz. We'll also be joined by our CMO, Dimitry Nuyten; and President, Juan Jaen, for questions after the prepared remarks.

For ease of listening, we will be referring to abbreviations of our molecule names: domvanalimab as dom; zimberelimab as zim; casdatifan as cas; quemliclustat as quemli; and etrumadenant as etruma.

During today's call, we'll refer to slides in our corporate deck, which can be found on the Investors section of our website. With that, I'll turn the call over to our CEO, Terry Rosen.

[Terry Rosen, executive]

Thanks very much, Pia, and thanks to all of you on the call for listening in today. As you know, 2024 is shaping up to be an incredibly catalyst-rich year for Arcus. By the end of this year, we'll have data to support all 4 of our later-stage clinical programs: dom-zim in lung and upper GI cancers; cas in clear cell RCC; quemli in pancreatic cancer; and etruma in colorectal cancer.

We'll spend most of the call today setting the stage for these upcoming data events. With over $1 billion of cash on hand, runway into 2027, partnerships with Gilead, AstraZeneca, Taiho, others, along with a very diversified pipeline, we're extremely well positioned to capitalize on these data sets and advance our potential first and also best-of-class treatments towards approval and commercialization quickly and efficiently.

Let me start with ASCO. ASCO is less than a month away. So we're almost there. We're thrilled and honored to have two oral presentations, both of which will provide strong support for our efforts and programs in the GI cancer field. Importantly, both data sets are in settings where there's limited competition and huge unmet need. These are genuine opportunities to make a meaningful difference for patients.

So first off, on Saturday, June 1, we'll have updated data from cohort A1 of the Phase II EDGE-Gastric study evaluating dom plus zim plus chemo in first-line gastric cancer. As you're aware, dom is the only Fc-silent anti-TIGIT antibody in late-stage clinical development, and we believe that the data presented to date indicate that dom may potentially improve safety profile when combined with chemotherapy relative to that of the Fc-enabled anti-TIGIT antibodies when they're combined with chemotherapy.

As a reminder, we presented initial data from this cohort of EDGE-Gastric at the ASCO virtual plenary session in November of last year. At the time, median PFS was immature. However, we did present mature landmark 6-month PFS numbers, which you can see on Slide 16 of our corporate deck. What you can see is that 6-month landmark PFS was 77% for the overall population and 93% for the PD-L1 high population. So given that the median PFS for standard care in the setting ranges from 7 to 8 months, these data were obviously very, very encouraging.

At ASCO, we're very excited to be presenting mature median PFS data. We expect the updated data will further support the potential for dom-zim provide clinically meaningful benefit relative to the standard of care in gastric cancer. Importantly, EDGE-Gastric evaluated the same setting in similar patient population is our ongoing Phase III study STAR-221. So therefore, we expect these data to foreshadow what we're -- our confidence in our STAR-221 study. In that context, enrollment in STAR-221 is expected to complete by midyear.

The incredibly rapid enrollment of the study is indicative of the lack of competition in gastric cancer market and the immense need for new therapeutic options, particularly with overall survival in this patient population ranging from only 13 to 14 months in studies with anti-PD-1 antibodies and chemotherapy. We also felt that we actually achieved some tailwinds with our data presentation at the end of last year.

So putting this all together, you can infer that there's a line of sight to data and that dom-zim will have a very substantial head start over potential competitors given there are no other anti-TIGIT antibodies in Phase III development for the same. So we think we're going to have a clear first-to-market advantage. This creates an exciting opportunity for us to be first in this setting with an addressable patient population of over 25,000 patients in the U.S. alone and 100,000 patients in the G7 countries. So this equates to the potential worldwide market of over $3 billion.

Now moving on to our second presentation at ASCO. On Sunday, June 2, we'll be presenting data from our ARC-9 study in third-line colorectal cancer. This will be the first presentation on this study. The data will be from Cohort B, which is evaluating tumor in combination with zim, FOLFOX and bev regorafenib, one of the standard of care treatments for third-line colorectal cancer.

On Slide 41 of our corporate deck, you can see the study design and the cushion criteria for this portion of the study. Patients in this cohort must have received bev contraindicated a prior oxaliplatin-based and regimen. These are the current standard of care therapies for first- and second-line CRC. 105 patients were enrolled who were randomized 2:1 between the etruma arm and the regorafenib arm. So this is a relatively large data set.

ARC-9 also includes 2 additional randomized cohorts, which evaluated etruma plus zim plus FOLFOX and bev versus FOLFOX and bev in second-line colorectal cancer. These data are not yet matured and will be presented at a later time. Second-line setting, as you know, has a substantially longer OS. The ASCO presentation will include mature PFS and OS data with a median follow-up of over 20 months. And our data will include patients with and without liver mets. This is important since patients with liver mets tend to have a poor prognosis, and they're not always included in late-line CRC trials.

As many of you know, there are very limited options in third-line plus colorectal cancer. Patients are typically treated with regorafenib and more recently with the combination of and bev based on the SUNLIGHT study, which showed a PFS of 5.6 months and OS of 10.8 months in the third-line patient population. While acknowledging the limitations of cross-trial comparisons, but we all do it based on our data, we'll be shared with you next month [indiscernible] combination may represent a very substantial improvement over current options for patients in the third-line setting.

I also want to point out a small data set of 35 patients that was just presented in a poster at AACR, which actually captured quite a bit of interest and further supports our hypothesis that adenosine blockade enhances the immune activating benefits of chemotherapy. These data were from the MORPHEUS-PDAC study, randomized Phase Ib/II trial operationalized by Roche that evaluated our molecule etruma plus Roche's anti-PD-L1 atezo in chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in first-line metastatic pancreatic cancer.

We've highlighted the design on Slide 37. On Slide 38, we've shown the plots for both the control arm and the etruma-based regimen, which showed durable responses. In this trial, the etruma containing arm demonstrated a meaningful improvement in both PFS and OS. And we've shown these data on Slides 39 and 40 of the corporate deck. Specifically, the PFS hazard ratio was 0.48 and the OS hazard ratio was 0.67 with the etruma-based regimen yielding an absolute improvement in median over survival of 4.4 months over chemotherapy alone. The median OS for the etruma containing arm was 16.5 months, very similar to what we saw in ARC-8.

Before we leave etruma, I want to highlight that now with the ARC-9 data presentation, we'll have 3 data sets presented in a very short period of time for our 2 molecules that inhibit the ATP adenosine pathway, quemli and etruma. Between ARC-8, which evaluated quemli in combination with chemotherapy in first-line pancreatic cancer, MORPHEUS-PDAC, very similar, which evaluated etruma with chemo in first-line pancreatic cancer. And now ARC-9, we have 3 independent but similar data sets, which together provide compelling evidence demonstrating that mitigating the immunosuppressive action of adenosine combined with immunogenic chemotherapy may prolonged survival relative to that associated with chemotherapy alone.

For those of you who've been following us for a long time, keep in mind, this was the original hypothesis what drove us to the adenosine axis in the first place. So we're getting to the point where the data are matching the hypothesis. Importantly, two of these studies showed meaningful improvement in OS versus the standard-of-care control and all 3 showed substantial improvement of our historical benchmarks when adenosine blockade was combined with immunogenic chemotherapy.

Now that we've covered with what we'll be sharing at ASCO, I'd like to turn it over to Jen to discuss expectations for our HIF-2 alpha inhibitor program later this year.

[Jennifer Jarrett, executive]

Thanks, Terry. I'll now turn to our data events for the second half of 2024 and specifically for CAF, our HIF-2 alpha inhibitor, which we are developing in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, or ccRCC. As a reminder, HIF-2 alpha is a validated mechanism with belzutifan recently approved monotherapy for baseline clear cell RCC patients. Cas has PK and PD advantages for which should enable it to hit target harder with the goal of achieving greater clinical efficacy than zanzalintinib.

As we talked about on our last earnings call, there are multiple opportunities to improve upon the profile of belzutifan. A lower rate of primary progressive disease, a higher overall response rate and more prolonged responses, any of which could translate into a higher PFS and ultimately longer OS for cas relative to that of belzutifan.

Our Phase Ib study for cas, ARC-20, now has enrolled over 80 patients, that's 8-0. It was designed to answer numerous questions So I want to spend a minute describing the various components of this multi-cohort study, which is summarized on Slide 27 of our corporate deck. First, from the dose escalation. As of our last earnings call in February, we had completed enrollment of the 20 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg dose cohorts with no dose-limiting toxicities observed. We have now completed enrollment of the 150 mg cohort. And again, we did not observe any DLTs, and we just cleared that dose.

Additionally, we continue to see the near dose proportional PK for cas even at the 150 mg dose. The dose expansion portion of ARC-20 was designed to serve a few purposes. First and foremost, to generate data for a proposed Phase III dose of 100 mg of cas. These data will be used to support initiation of our first Phase III study, which is an advanced stage [indiscernible] The monotherapy dose expansion portion is enrolling patients that have received at least 1 prior anti-PD-1 therapy and at least 1 TKI. And the 100 mg dose cohort, approximately 1/3 of patients have received 4 or more prior lines of therapy. So the patients were relatively advanced.

On our last earnings call, we disclosed that while the majority of patients in this cohort had only received 1 or 2 scans, we were already seeing a response rate, including responses pending confirmation in line with LITESPARK-005, the Phase III study for belzutifan. We also mentioned that we have served a lower rate of primary progressive disease where the percent of patients that progressed prior to their first scan that was reported for LITESPARK-005.

This is important as one weakness in the LITESPARK-005 data set, as we've heard consistently from clinicians, is the high rate of primary progressive disease. Bringing this rate down should result in more patients benefiting from treatment to prolong PFS and survival. We are very excited to present detailed data from the cohort at a medical conference in the second half of this year.

We also designed the [indiscernible] portion to satisfy the dose optimization work required for regulatory submissions. Specifically, we included 2 additional monotherapy cohorts in ARC-20, which are evaluating a 50 mg dose and 150 mg dose. We have now completed enrollment of the 50 mg cohort, and we just initiated enrollment of the 150 mg cohort. So in addition to enabling us to complete the dose optimization work required for project Optimus, these cohorts will also generate a lot of additional data that will further elucidate the clinical profile of cas.

In addition to the 3 monotherapy expansion cohorts in ARC-20, we are about to initiate enrollment of a cohort to evaluate cas in combination with cabo which commonly used TKI in clear cell RCC. Data generated from this cohort in addition to the data generated from STELLAR-009, our Phase II study being operationalized by Exelixis will be used to support the planned initiation of at least 1 Phase III study for cas in combination with the TKI.

Given the enthusiasm for cas and the rapid enrollment of ARC-20, we expect our 100 mg dose expansion cohort data presentation later this year to be followed quickly by data from the various other cohorts. We are aggressively advancing cas towards the initiation of our first Phase III trial early next year. Importantly, we are taking a strategic approach to our development plan to maximize the value of what we believe is a best-in-class HIF-2 alpha inhibitor.

For example, the STELLAR-009 study is evaluating cas with a next-generation and potentially best-in-class TKI with belzutifan. We believe that both zanza and cabo could have advantages over belzutifan's TKI partner, lenvatinib, with a better tolerated AE profile. And therefore, we expect our cas TKI combination can be differentiated from both an efficacy and safety and tolerability perspective relative to belzutifan plus lenvatinib.

I'd like to end by spending a few moments on the RCC market, of which approximately 80% of patients, 8-0 percent patients have the clear cell histology. The annual addressable patient population for first-line clear cell RCC includes over 12,000 incident patients in the U.S. and approximately 30,000 in the G7 countries. Around 2/3 of these patients progress on first-line treatment our addressable in the second line, resulting in more than 8,000 patients in the U.S. and approximately 20,000 across the G7 countries.

The ccRCC market is fragmented, the cabo is the most frequently used TKI. Cabo sales in 2023 in the U.S. alone were over $1.6 billion, driven almost entirely by RCC and with only 1/4 of market share in first line and under 50% market share in the second line study. In terms of the treatment paradigm for first-line RCC, patients are typically treated with anti-PD-1 plus a TKI or a combination of nivolumab plus ipilimumab. When patients experienced tumor progression on first-line therapy, a cycle through different TKIs frequently for a few years or more. With few options beyond TKIs, the clinician community has been eagerly waiting for the introduction of HIF-2 alpha inhibitors, particularly given the relatively benign safety profile relative to TKIs. It's not surprisingly, the positive Phase III data for belzutifan resulted in an immediate inflection and script trajectory.

Monthly scripts are now a twofold since top line data for bel and clear cell RCC was released in August 2023 and up 50% in just the first format after belzutifan's approval in the setting. Based on just March scripts, belzutifan is now at an approximately $400 million run rate in the U.S. alone and growing. As we've discussed, we believe that cas may improve clinical outcomes relative to belzutifan, and we plan on developing cas and differentiated combinations, all of which support a very meaningful market opportunity for cas, which we believe is north of $2 billion. Before we conclude, I'll now turn the call over to Bob to review our quarterly financials.

[Robert Goeltz, executive]

Thanks, Jen. Arcus continues to be in a strong financial position. Our cash as of March 31, 2024, was $1.1 billion as compared to $866 million as of December 31, 2023. Turning to our P&L. We recognized GAAP revenue for the first quarter of $145 million, which compares to $31 million in the fourth quarter of 2023. Our revenue is primarily driven by our collaborations with Gilead and Taiho and in the first quarter included a cumulative catch-up of $107 million resulting from the Gilead amendment we executed in January.

We expect to recognize GAAP revenue of approximately $30 million per quarter for the remainder of 2024. Our R&D expenses for the first quarter are stated net of reimbursements from Gilead and were $109 million as compared to $93 million in the fourth quarter of 2023. In the first quarter, noncash stock compensation represented $10 million of our R&D expenses. The increase in the first quarter was related to higher clinical manufacturing, clinical trial and headcount-related costs associated with our late-stage programs.

We continue to expect modest increases in R&D expenses as our Phase III studies mature and spend will fluctuate primarily based on the timing of clinical manufacturing activities and the purchase of standard of care therapeutics for our clinical trials. G&A expenses were $32 million for the first quarter compared to $29 million in the fourth quarter of 2023. Noncash stock compensation represents $10 million of our G&A expenses for the first quarter, and we expect G&A to remain stable for 2024.

Total operating expenses in the first quarter were impacted by a $20 million noncash impairment charge resulting from the intended sublease of a portion of our office space. Finally, we continue to expect our cash balance at the end of 2024 to be between $870 million and $920 million and to fund operations into 2027. This guidance includes a $100 million partnership continuation payment from Gilead in the third quarter and excludes potential opt-in payments and approval milestones from our partners.

For more details regarding our financial results, please refer to our earnings release from earlier today and our 10-Q. I'll now turn it back over to Terry for concluding remarks.

[Terry Rosen, executive]

Thanks, Bob. As you've heard from us today, we are genuinely at a significant inflection in the evolution markets. With completion of enrollment of STAR-221 first-line gastric cancer expected by midyear, returning our attention to our first Phase III readout. Behind this, we'll have Phase III data from our second registrational study for dom-zim STAR-121 in first-line non-small cell lung cancer with enrollment for this trial also expected to complete this year.

In addition, we'll be starting at least 2 additional Phase III trials by early next year for cas in clear cell RCC and quemli in first-line pancreatic cancer. As we talked about today, we have several important near-term data sets, which may provide further validation and meaningful derisking of several of our programs. This will all kick off shortly at ASCO with 2 oral presentations for dom-zim and etruma-zim. And together, they'll showcase our emerging GI cancer franchise. And we're, of course, looking forward to sharing much more on HIF-2 alpha program later this year from the dose expansion cohorts of ARC-20.

I want to highlight how unusual it is for an early-stage company to be executing multiple Phase III studies for several different molecules, all targeting massive opportunities in doing so in parallel. This is obviously all enabled by our current cash position and our partners that include Gilead, AstraZeneca, Exelixis and Taiho. These partnerships have and will continue to provide a combination of development funding through receipt of option fees, milestones and cost sharing to reduce our overall development expenses.

I want to conclude by thanking all of you for your continued and ongoing support of Arcus and our mission to bring innovative therapies to patients in need. We'll now open the call for questions.

[Operator]

Our first question comes from Kaveri Pohlman of BTIG.

[Kaveri Pohlman, analyst]

For HIF-2 alpha, some of the suggest that HIF-2 alpha is upstream of and it leads to production. so they're basically in the same pathway. Do you think that could make cabo-responsive patients more sensitive to 521 and because of the same biology, do you expect to see any overlapping toxicities with zanza, which also [indiscernible] VEGF?

[Terry Rosen, executive]

Yes. So they are in the same pathway. We do believe that HIF-2, on the other hand, though, since it controls probably 100 genes, there are other effects ongoing in cancer. We don't really expect. And in fact, we know what the side effect in AE profiles are. So we do not expect that you would see overlapping toxicities. And I would just say that with HIF-2 alpha, those toxicities and AEs have already been well defined by belzutifan.

What you primarily see is very manageable anemia. We've seen similar and even though we believe and know in fact that we're hitting the target harder, essentially nature is built in a break because only so much HIF-2 mediated epo expression is happening in the kidney, and there's other sources of epo. And we've seen a safety profile that continues to look very similar to what has been reported for belzutifan. As Jen noted, we've actually even completed a 150-milligram cohort. And again, we have not seen any DLTs to date.

[Kaveri Pohlman, analyst]

Got it. That's helpful. And maybe a quick one regarding STAR-121 trial for first-line non-small cell lung cancer. It has primary endpoints of PFS and OS. Do you have to win on both? And what are the expectations from the Arm C? How much variation from the control arm and/or TIGIT arm is acceptable?

[Terry Rosen, executive]

Dimitry, do you want to handle that question?

[Dimitry Nuyten, executive]

Sure, Terry. So the first question is relatively simple. So statistically speaking, the way it's set up, it's a dual primary endpoint, meaning that either PFS or OS, if either one of those is statistically significant, it will be a positive trial. I think we've been very clear in previous calls as well and lots of interactions that are in the public domain that from a regulatory perspective, OS is really the registrational endpoint, PFS is supportive. And your second question, can you repeat it, please? I didn't get the entire question.

[Kaveri Pohlman, analyst]

Sure. And I just wanted to get some -- so the PFS and OS are really comparing Arm A and B. C is, I believe, keep through the combination, but there is an Arm C I was just wondering how much variation from that arm versus control arm, Keytruda arm [indiscernible] arm is acceptable?

[Dimitry Nuyten, executive]

Yes, that's a hard question as the FDA would say it's a review issue. That arm, I think, is clear from, let's say, the public domain is a 4:4:1 randomization. So a very limited number of patients is going on to zim and chemotherapy to establish contribution of components. Based on FDA guidance, I can share that contribution of components mostly is established by looking at the response rate. And of course, in a randomized fashion, a time-to-event endpoint could also be assessed.

There's no absolute guidance on what the variability can be. That's a review issue. I can summarize and I'm very confident with the data we've generated for zim that a positive trial, meaning that dom and zim, combined with chemotherapy, clearly beat Keytruda that the contribution of components, let's say, discussion is a modest part of the discussion, and I'm confident that we will be able to achieve that successfully with the study design.

[Operator]

The next question comes from Peter Lawson of Barclays.

[Peter Lawson, analyst]

Just around HIF-2 alpha. For the second half data kind of what defines success for you from that data set? And could you remind us what Gilead -- or what the trigger points Gilead potentially opted?

[Terry Rosen, executive]

Sure. Thanks, Peter. So on what defines success, as we've articulated, there's a number of variables and opportunities for differentiation from belzutifan. So starting with response rate, rate of primary progression, depth of response, even if we're -- if we have PFS by that point, so we want to do better than belzutifan. I'll remind you in thinking about our overall program goal, based upon what we've already seen, the data look good. And we're full speed ahead to registrational trial. And keep in mind that we are not going to be developing this at least in the near term as a monotherapy.

And we also believe, as Jen was discussing that we'll be combining with a better TKI than lenvatinib so that will give us another opportunity for differentiation. So there's multiple places, and we think that we have an opportunity to beat those on more than one of those. In terms of the Gilead opt-in, that's something that we would expect. We've converged on what would define opt-in, and we would expect a decision either towards the end of this year or early into next year.

[Operator]

The next question comes from Yigal Nochomovitz of Citi.

[Unknown Analyst]

This is on Yigal. I have a few on the EDGE-Gastric update at ASCO. And obviously, based on the data you've already shared, it looks like the capital PFS are obviously trending well beyond the 7 to 8 months hurdle, I think you cited, but naturally with a small end. So I'm just curious how much do you think the PFS benefit really needs to be to derisk STAR-221? And a more theoretical question, I guess, how well do you think PFS correlates with OS benefit in this setting, given that the primary endpoint in STAR-221?

[Terry Rosen, executive]

So thanks for the question. You're right on the sample size. And I think you'll be able to make your own call on that. As you suggested, it's known. And actually, the date has been pretty tight. So in addition, the CheckMate 649, there's been 2 other registrational studies with anti-PD-1 and chemo. And they both come in at roughly just under 7 to 8 months PFS. So that's pretty firm number. We think our data will be quite meaningful. I think one other thing to keep in mind when you compare our data sets, interestingly enough, CheckMate 649 had 60-40 high PD-L1, the low PD-L1, and we're actually 40-60. So pretty substantial difference.

And as you saw, even our numbers in the all-comer population look pretty good. So we're 3 weeks away. We're excited about the data. You'll make your own call on how much you think they've derisked Interestingly enough, as we also mentioned, we're on the cusp of that registrational study being completed. So you'll see those data in a couple of weeks.

In terms of the correlation, as you know, in general, PFS and OS, particularly in the context of immunotherapy, are certainly qualitatively correlative, but I wouldn't necessarily think that you can plot a line for them. But given our data set, I think you'll clearly be able to form some speculation as to what might happen on the OS, just like you formed some speculation on the 6-month landmark numbers what might happen. I think those dots are going to connect at least qualitatively in a direction that will be confident enhancing.

[Jennifer Jarrett, executive]

Yes. And if you look at the CheckMate 649 data set, I think you could say that the PFS and OS benefit was pretty correlative and pretty similar if you look at the hazard ratios. So that's at least my data point that I think shows their coalition to be pretty strong between PFS and OS in this disease.

[Unknown Analyst]

Got it. But I have one more. Correct me, if I'm wrong. But I think you said the data at the ASCO asset data or ASCO will only be from Cohort A1. So I'm curious I know where things stand with the other cohorts, especially Cohort A2, which is I think the zim plus FOLFOX arm? And obviously, that one will be important to helping understand the contribution of dom that cohort varies from the 7 to 8 month number you're talking about. So just curious [indiscernible] stand there.

[Terry Rosen, executive]

Sure. So that cohort actually enrolled sequentially for the first one. So the final patient actually just was enrolled a few weeks ago. Keep in mind, not only was it sequential but since it's essentially a single-arm study, the fact that you don't have an experimental arm is another thing that probably slowed its enrollment. So it's probably trending a year behind the initial cohort.

I also mentioned that, as you've probably seen on clinicaltrials.gov, we have 2 additional arms that are probably more designed to take on the contribution of components that will be run in a randomized fashion and with a larger end. The other thing that may be important about that cohort that you just referenced that we recognize it's another opportunity, albeit a single-arm, nonrandomized data set that will give people another look at how Zim chemo compares to historical numbers for other anti-PD-1s such as Keytruda or nivo chemo. So we think it will be an interesting data set as well. But it's at least a year behind this cohort.

[Operator]

Our next question comes from Jonathan Miller with Evercore ISI.

[Jonathan Miller, analyst]

A couple on HIF-2 from me. Obviously, we're very excited to see the 100-milligram cohort release and get a better sense for HIF-2 efficacy here versus the competitor. But I'm wondering why -- well, specifically 50-milligram cohort isn't going to be part of that same release that was enrolled before 100 milligrams now. So I understand 150 just got finished, but why not include 50 in your end of year release?

Secondly, this quarter as well as last quarter, you highlighted that you were already...

[Terry Rosen, executive]

I'm going to answer that because I'll forget what you said. Your brain is younger and faster than mine. So I'll forget the first question. So let me just answer the first one, then I'll take your second question. So the 50-milligram cohort was actually enrolled after the 100-milligram cohort. And it was basically, we added both the 50 and then we wanted to go with the higher in the context of Optimus. So the 50-milligram cohort just very recently was fully enrolled. And in fact, it won't be part of the medical conference presentation because, clearly, it won't be mature.

But whatever we know about it, you'll be able to get that out of me without much inducing. So we'll share whatever we know about it. And in fact, when we first saw the very earliest data even when only 15 patients or so have been scanned. The data we're looking interesting. And to your point, it's actually -- even though it's 50 milligrams, that's 2.5 the PD equivalent of the Merck belzutifan clinical dose. The 150-milligram cohort is just starting, as you noted. So 50 came after 100.

[Jonathan Miller, analyst]

Okay. Makes sense. Last quarter -- in this quarter both you highlighted that ORR at the 100-milligram dose, I assume, is already similar to belzutifan. The implication there being that given belzutifan's time to response, that ORR could, in fact, deepen as you get more scans under your belt. So in the intervening 3 months, have you seen ORR increase? I noticed that in both this quarter and last quarter using similar language saying that you're hitting similar ORR levels to belzutifan. But now they've gotten presumably more scans on these patients, do you see those late responses or later responses more akin to belzutifan's time to respond?

[Terry Rosen, executive]

Yes. So if we were using the same language, it was because we were reiterating what we said at the end of the -- when we gave the last update as opposed to like it's a fresh description. So all we would comment is the data continue to look good, longer trajectory of what we were seeing then. And we have no plans to give updates until the medical conference and then you'll see the full picture.

[Jennifer Jarrett, executive]

The only thing to add is, you're right, this is a mechanism where the response kinetics are on the slower side, and the average time response was about 4 months in the LITESPARK study. So yes, still early, some of our responses may take more time.

[Jonathan Miller, analyst]

Okay. Makes sense. And then lastly, just as we think about the 2 different TKIs that you're exploring for combinations here, can you give us a little bit of color about what you're looking for to pick between them? And you've highlighted the importance of safety versus Lenvima as a driver here. So are there clear no-go signals that would push you one way versus the other? Or is it something else that you're really looking at?

[Terry Rosen, executive]

Yes. So I would say it's more strategic in timing and we're thinking about different settings. And I think what you're going to see, and this is primarily for competitive reasons, not playing any games. As this year goes along, we'll be very transparent about our development strategy. We -- some of this, it's not even that we're in the decision-making process, we know, but we want to let time play out a little as we get closer to those studies coming online, and you'll see there's different lines of therapies.

There's other combinations we're thinking about. In addition, you can imagine even we might go in both directions and different things. So we'll describe that as the year goes along.

[Operator]

Our next question comes from Jason Zemansky with Bank of America.

[Jason Zemansky, analyst]

Congratulations on the progress. Maybe just to take a step back on the adenosine pathway. Just starting development efforts, it looked like the pathway was up regulated across the number of tumor types. And while there is certainly very encouraging signals in colorectal and pancreatic cancer, there have been some admitted [indiscernible] well, both in tumors like prostate and mainly at this point, NSCLC as well. I'm curious, have you cracked the code at this point in terms of which tumors are likely to respond, especially as your data sets emerge and mature? Are there additional signals that give you confidence in the mechanism at this point, especially as you start to look longer term, maybe some additional indications?

[Terry Rosen, executive]

Thanks, Jason. So I think what we're probably looking at right now when we think about sweet spot from what we've learned. And this was a big part of what we thought going in is less the organ and more the biology and therefore, the treatment. And what I mean by that is what -- if you look at the 3 studies that we're pointing to right now, MORPHEUS-PDAC, our own pancreatic study and the colorectal study, there are both situations that we're going right on top of immunogenic chemotherapy.

And that going into this that was sort of down the middle of the fairway for us where you have a setting where you're killing cells, it's in this immunogenic way with chemotherapy in what's extraordinarily well understood about those settings is that if ATP spills out from those initial cells dying, you produce a ton of adenosine. And so if you're able to mount any sort of immune response, those T cells are hit by adenosine and that's physics. That adenosine -- there's 1 million papers that are going to tell you if a T cell sees adenosine, it's going to sweep.

And so the phenotype of the response that we're seeing in each of these studies is very similar. So the places that we are thinking about beyond the current settings would be just those something where the standard of care is an immunogenic chemotherapy, but there's headway above that to actually get the benefit of when you think about that immune response that might be induced by chemo that you can enhance that by mitigating the effects of the adenosine form. So that's the way we're thinking what's the most we've learned to date, and there may be more to learn with time. But that's the primary learning to date.

[Juan Jaen, executive]

Sorry, I think a third element would be tumors that tend to be very high in CD73 expression. So that pretty much takes you to GI tract in long [indiscernible] as the places where you have the convergence between high-level CD73 immunogenic chemotherapy.

[Operator]

Our next question comes from Daina Graybosch of Leerink Partners.

[Unknown Analyst]

This is Jeff on for Daina,. So we have one on cas and one on the [indiscernible] So I guess starting with cas. We know Novartis an oral ASCO for their HIF-2 inhibitor. How is cas differentiated from their molecule? And in that context, what are your expectations at the that ASCO presentation. do you think Novartis' decision to discontinue as for development has any read through to cas in your program?

[Terry Rosen, executive]

Why don't you comment on what we know about the Novartis molecule. And I'll start off 0 read-through, but I'll let Juan comment on the Novartis molecule or whatever it

[Juan Jaen, executive]

Yes. So our in vitro evaluation of the compound, it suggests that it's a reasonably potent HIF-2 alpha inhibitor. In our hands, maybe in order of magnitude weaker than cas is, as you know, there's much more that goes into making a high-quality drug what it does in terms of pharmacokinetics drug interaction, PK/PD, we'll have to see. But definitely going in it was sort of not a great contender clearly for [indiscernible] standpoint

[Unknown Analyst]

Okay. Great. And then how is the recent Roche PDAC data and the upcoming ARC-9 data change your view at all on potential therapeutic opportunity relative to quemli? Put another way, do you see any clinical settings? Or you expect outperform quemli? And do you anticipate issuing any additional randomized Phase II or Phase III trials for treatment this year?

[Terry Rosen, executive]

So on the first question, while some people speculated otherwise, we look at both molecules as we sit here today, is great molecules and great potential. And to be honest, if things continue along the way. We said this from the beginning, once we start to get good data and the more good data that come, the more this is something one will contemplate. You might even think about combining the two at some point because there are certain situations where you may be able to generate adenosine through a mechanism that's not CD73 mediated, in which case blocking its action could be advantageous.

So what we're going to see is as of to date, we've just seen -- and you'll see the data for yourself so you can decide -- we think we've got very compelling data with both molecules. And going to your question about Novartis, I'm just going to use this as an opportunity. We've lived under an umbrella of some early studies done that, frankly, with very bad molecules. And we always talk about it's a molecule quality, it's the combination and it's the setting to make the difference.

And so we think going forward, there's still a whole lot more to be learned with these despite the fact that each of them could be on a trajectory. In fact, you know we're starting the pancreatic trial as late as early next year and as early as late this year. And we do expect to do more with the tumor. The only reason we are sharing specific details of what the plan will be. And obviously, after you see the details of our data, there'll probably be more questions about exactly what we're going to do in the future. But we're still working through those details together with Gilead. We're preparing for discussions that we'll be having with the FDA. We want to think about exactly what would be the ideal control, that control and standard of care has evolved.

When we started, it was regorafenib, now it's moved much more to in the direction of plus bev. And so there's a number of things that we want to work through. But you can definitely expect -- and when you see the data, you will expect that we'd be crazy to not be doing something more with the molecule. So we're working through that.

[Jennifer Jarrett, executive]

Yes. I mean, obviously, -- it means a lot, I think, says a lot that I got it oral to get an oral presentation at ASCO to get any presentation, except at ASCO has gotten to be a high bar. So hopefully, the fact that we had an oil presentation accepted tells you that the clinical community is at least finding the results in the study meaningful.

[Operator]

And our next question comes from Li Watsek of Cantor Fitzgerald & Co.

[Unknown Analyst]

This is Rosemary on for Li So just a quick one on your next-gen programs. How are you thinking about prioritization as you have all these late-stage trials going on? And how does inflammation fit in with your oncology franchise?

[Terry Rosen, executive]

Yes. So I think -- I think the question was sort of the early-stage portfolio, given that we have all these late-stage things, how do we think about it? So we were talking about the collaborators and the collaboration and what it enables us. And in fact, it's another unusual aspect of like the dynamic that we created with this collaboration. When we set this up with Gilead Day 1, well, people don't always take these things [indiscernible] value was really designed to be an R&D engine type of collaboration.

So clearly, disproportionately, given the number of late-stage programs, we have, dollars are being invested correspondingly. With that said, we've continued and this was when we discussed the most recent equity investment that Gilead made, one of the things that we discussed at that time, there's a $100 million fee that they'll be paying shortly that maintains the relationship. There was a big emphasis on continuing to enable the discovery part of it. Because clearly, if you look at what we're generating, we started as paper. We're generating what we believe are good high-quality molecules for targets of interest. And the most notable one that's moving along nicely and we think is going to be a big deal is our inhibitor, which recently has gone into patients, and it performed well in healthy volunteers and generating some initial PK data.

And that will be the AXL inhibitor that actually tests the hypothesis. It's going to have the PK and selectivity that we'll be able to hit AXL hard and see how that works out. So the early-stage portfolio continues with the same emphasis and investment than it has previously.

To your question on the more immunological component, that we haven't shared the most recent targets that we're working on, and we'll probably hold off on that for some time within a year that we'll start to talk about that. But we, along with Gilead, increased our emphasis there. As we built the company, we have a very strong immunology biology group. And I think you'll slowly see the percentage of the portfolio that looks like it includes immunology, inflammation increasing, but it's not like we've defined some particular percentage. We're still at a stage of our evolution where the biggest driver would be best players. So best target, we'll get the next emphasis in our drug discovery group, whether immuno-oncology, oncology or I'll use the term the I&I.

[Operator]

We have no further questions in the queue. So this concludes today's call. Thank you very much for listening in today.