Northern Oil and Gas Inc

NYSE:NOG

Earnings Call Analysis

Strong Performance Positions NOG for 2024

In Q4, a production spike to 114,000 BOE/day was seen, propelled by acquisitions and new well completions, with a particular uptick in Mascot and Novo assets. 2024 is set to have a balanced schedule with a tilt towards the productive Permian region, contributing to most new drills. NOG also prudently manages its portfolio amid market volatility, maintaining over 95% well consent rates but reallocating capital when favorable. Cost reductions in well expenses by 5-10% have surfaced, with gas price pressures potentially reallocating resources to more profitable oil regions. M&A activities and ground game acquisitions contributed to a record year, adding around 30 net wells. The 2024 guidance predicts production to range between 115,000 and 120,000 BOE/day, with CapEx estimated at $825 million to $900 million, largely due to ground game success and consistent well costs. LOE guidance is set at $9.25 to $10 per BOE, expecting an initial higher trend that will then decrease. Cash taxes will begin in 2025. With solid growth, strategic capital deployment, and a strong balance sheet, NOG is well-equipped for future execution.

Production and Wells Report

The company marked an impressive period with production climbing to over 114,000 barrels of oil equivalent (BOE) per day, which was primarily powered by the acquisition of Novo in Q3. The Williston Basin is expected to reflect a seasonal decline in IPs during the first quarter; however, a rebound in completion activity is forecasted for the spring and summer, suggesting a more balanced completion cadence in 2024. Signaling a strong emphasis on Permian drilling, the company completed an additional 20.8 net wells in Q4, with the Permian wells in process reaching an all-time high, now representing more than half of the total wells underway.

Cost Efficiency Gains

Cost optimisation was a notable theme, with the company highlighting a potential 5% to 10% reduction in well costs across its Mascot, Novo, and Forge properties, evidencing enhanced operational efficiencies. Furthermore, the small ball focus in the Permian, characterized by ground gain initiatives, capped off a record year, adding roughly 30 net wells and increasing the land holdings by 2,500 net acres.

Strategic Acquisitions

Strategic growth continued unabated with the close of a non-operated package in Delaware, alongside operator Mewbourne, setting the stage for future growth. Additionally, the company has been actively evaluating a robust pipeline of potential acquisitions, with assets worth $4 billion to $6 billion under review.

Financial Highlights

Financially, the quarter was robust with a 12% surge in average production compared to the previous term, and a 52% leap in adjusted EBITDA to $402 million. For the full year, EBITDA jumped 32% to $1.4 billion, while free cash flow saw a 19% increase despite lower oil volumes. Adjusted EPS was reported at $1.61 per diluted share.

Guidance for 2024

Looking ahead to 2024, the production guidance is set at 115,000 to 120,000 BOE per day, with oil production estimates ranging from 70,000 to 73,000 barrels per day. Capital expenditure (CapEx) for the year is planned to be in the bracket of $825 million to $900 million, staying flat thanks to successful ground game efforts and stable overall well costs. The company also laid out its hedging strategy, maintaining disciplined oversight and emphasizing a focus on optimizing shareholder returns, even amidst volatile commodity prices.

Operational Expenses Insight

The lease operating expense (LOE) stood at $9.70 per BOE, influenced by normalized workovers and additional transportation expenses. As production scales up, LOE per BOE is anticipated to decline. The management expects to see a trend of acceleration in spud to sales timelines, blending upfront expenditures into the next year's budget in what's described as a 'half cycle effect'.

Capital Efficiency and Investing Principles

The executive team emphasized the importance of shifting capital efficiently while acknowledging quarter-over-quarter volatility as transient noise. Reassuring investors of stable long-term spending, the company indicated its quarterly TIL cadence is on track. Management underlined its commitment to sound investing over short-term optics, maintaining a steadfast approach to capital allocation and strategic investment decision-making.

Industry Dynamics and Acquisition Opportunities

Approaching acquisitions, deals can vary widely in their closing times, affected by due diligence complexities and end-of-year tax implications. As the market evolves, opportunities predominantly in the Permian, particularly in the Delaware, indicate a focus on regional consolidation and asset integration, hinting at the potential for larger-scale transactions and growth drivers across the portfolio.

Earnings Call Transcript 2023-Q4

[Operator]

Greetings, and welcome to the NOG's Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2023 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] As a reminder, this conference is being recorded.It's now my pleasure to introduce your host, Evelyn Infurna, Vice President, Investor Relations. Thank you. You may begin.

[Evelyn Infurna, executive]

Good morning. Welcome to NOG's fourth quarter and year end 2023 earnings conference call. Yesterday after the close, we released our financial results for the fourth quarter and full year. You can access our earnings release and presentation on our Investor Relations website at noginc.com. Our Form 10-K will be filed with the SEC within the next several days.I'm joined this morning by our Chief Executive Officer, Nick O'Grady; our President, Adam Dirlam; our Chief Financial Officer, Chad Allen; and our Chief Technical Officer, Jim Evans. Our agenda for today's call is as follows: Nick will provide his remarks on the quarter and our recent accomplishments; and Adam will give you an overview of operations and business development activities; and Chad will review our financial results and walk through our 2024 guidance. After our prepared remarks, the team will be available to answer any questions. But before we begin, let me go over our safe harbor language.Please be advised that our remarks today, including the answers to your questions, may include forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to be materially different from the expectations contemplated by our forward-looking statements. Those risks include, among others, matters that we have described in our earnings release, as well as our filings with the SEC, including our annual report on Form 10-K and our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. We disclaim any obligation to update these forward-looking statements.During today's call, we may discuss certain non-GAAP financial measures, including adjusted EBITDA, adjusted net income and free cash flow. Reconciliations of these measures to the closest GAAP measures can be found in our earnings release.With that, I will turn the call over to Nick.

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

Thank you, Evelyn. Welcome, and good morning, everyone, and thank you for your interest in our company. I'll get right to it with 4 key points to start the year. Number one, scoreboard. Execution delivering growth in profits. On our second quarter call, I spoke about the importance of delivering growth and profitability year-over-year. I'd like to use that framework today to put the results from the fourth quarter into context.Our fourth quarter adjusted EBITDA was up 52% year-over-year. And our quarterly cash flow from operations, excluding working capital, was up 55% year-over-year. Over this same period, our weighted average fully diluted share count was up about 17%, significantly less, reflecting the impact from our October offering, but not the impact of our fourth quarter bolt-on deals. We achieved outsized growth in profits despite a more challenging commodity backdrop than the prior year. Oil prices were down over 5% and natural gas prices were down 52% versus the prior period a year ago. Even more impressive is the fact that our LQA debt ratio was 1.1x this quarter, down about 17% versus the prior year.So in summary, our leverage was down, our per share profits up markedly even as commodity prices were down. The point I continue to make is that our company is focused on the same simple philosophy, finding ways to grow profits per share through cycle and over time for our investors. We believe that is the path to driving sustainable share price outperformance. While oil and gas prices go through down periods that can and will affect our profits, again, it is our job to find ways to grow the business through such times.The scoreboard we share with you is something that keeps us honest. Being a cyclical business does not afford us a perfectly linear path, and we will have our ups and downs, but we are actively investing, hedging and looking to drive consistent long-term growth to profits and cash returns. This has and will drive dividend growth and share performance. I'm pleased to say, as Chad will highlight in a bit that our guidance for 2024 reflects 20% production growth on a budget that is very similar to last year's, looks across the upstream sector, and you'll find very few companies offering that. Once again, we stand out, and I believe we have a lot more levers to pull, which brings me to my next point.Number two, be greedy when others are fearful. The fourth quarter was ground game 101, highlighted by what happens when people run out of money. We saw operators pull-forward activity even as budgets were exhausted. We chose to turn the ship directly into the storm and take on some of the best returning small-scale acquisitions we've seen in some time, and these should help capital efficiency as we head into 2024 and beyond. We are diligently chipping away one opportunity at a time and Adam and his team continue to innovate with creative structures of every kind to solve for our operators' needs. This does mean we will spend money countercyclically at times, but spending money is what provides longer-term growth opportunities for our investors, growth isn't free.And as a non-operator, sometimes our capital commitments will accelerate and come sooner, and the timing of our projects can vary somewhat, as we saw in the fourth quarter, but it doesn't change the soundness of these investment decisions. As we track well performance through our look-back analysis and review our return parameters internally, we continue to see excellent results across the board.Number three, shareholder returns. I typically leave this category for last, but I'm going to address it sooner this quarter, particularly as I've observed weaker, relative and absolute performance for our equity out of the gate for the start of this year. We talk a lot of energy about dynamics capital allocation, and we get asked about share repurchases and where they rank in the stack. As I've said before and I'll say again, we try to seize on opportunities and allocate capital accordingly.Our valuation has compressed in recent months. So in 2024, our stock may well be front and center in our capital allocation stack. We don't buy back stock with reckless abandon only on flush with cash when times are good and when our valuation is high. Instead, stock repurchases legitimately compete as a use of capital to maximize the long-term returns on the capital we employ, which by nature means focusing on the point of entry and being discerning on when we do so.You've seen us be aggressive in repurchasing equity during times of value compression, like in early 2022. We try to allocate capital efficiently and seize on the opportunity when the time is right. From this vantage point, it certainly seems as though this is the moment when the macro outlook has been more in flux and commodities have been more range-bound and volatile, and our own value has compressed. If the market gives us lemons for the first time in a while, we're more than happy to make some laminate.Number four. I have not yet begun to fight. Sailor John Paul Jones immortalized that define phrase during the American Revolutionary War when asked to surrender by the British and enable battle. My use of it here is meant to convey that while our team has grown our business tremendously over the past 6 years, you'd be mistaken if you think our growth story is over, far from it. We've worked hard to claim the mental of the non-operating partner of choice. Given the opportunities and landscape in front of us, I believe we can with thoughtful execution, double the size of our company again if not more, over the next 5 years.And this time, I believe we can do it more accretively. It's an enormous goal and will pose a tremendous challenge, but I believe the opportunity is there for the taking. We will stay humble to our roots as a small company, but we have great ambition to grow the business to the benefit of our stakeholders, and our Board has incentivized this and aligned us with our investors to do so for the long-term and to do it the right way. And done right, it will add tremendous per share value, grow dividend significantly and drive market outperformance, all while continuing to lower the business risk.It would be stating the obvious to point out that it's been an active time in the M&A sphere in oil and gas of late as we've seen many mega merger transactions as well as many private to public transactions in 2023. The fallout from these mega transactions is likely to create even more opportunity for our company over time, providing both improved cost efficiencies on our properties and a broad variety of potential acquisitions as combined portfolios are rationalized. We're already seeing signs of significant cost benefits on our properties from some of these mergers.While I just spoke about our dedication and focus on shareholder returns, I also want to highlight that NOG's path to grow through acquisition also remains very, very strong. We are involved in as many, if not more conversations today than at any point in my history of the company. And the quality of these counterparties is very different, as are the nature of these discussions. That is largely because our company today has become de facto the only viable entity for complex solutions for our partners that is truly of scale and commercial.We believe we built a reputation as creative problem solvers. Our balance sheet is locked and loaded with capacity for deals in 2024. While we remain selective, I have no doubt there will be a myriad of opportunities in front of us this year, but it should go without saying that our main goal is to grow our business the right way. One of the first questions we always ask ourselves when we look at an opportunity is, will this make our company not just bigger, but will it make it better?We passed on a lot of things that would certainly make us a lot bigger, but we question whether they'll make us a better company. Asset quality, governance if needed, value, operatorship, inventory and commodity price resilience are all factors that go into driving these transactions. These questions have driven us to where we are today and will continue to drive us as we move forward. Adam will fill you in further on the deal front, but expect an active 2024.I'll close out, as I always do by thanking the NOG engineering, land, BD, finance and planning teams and everyone else on board, our investors and covering analysts for listening, and our operators and contractors for all the hard work they do in the field that actually creates what you see in NOG's results quarter-after-quarter.We entered 2024 formatively positioned, with our strongest balance sheet, the highest level of liquidity and larger size and scale since our formation. And as always, our team is ready to pounce on the opportunities to drive the best possible outcome for our investors, whether that's growth through our ground game, through our organic assets, through M&A or through share repurchases in our quest to deliver the optimal total return. That's because we're a company run by investors for investors.With that, I'll turn it over to Adam.

[Adam Dirlam, executive]

Thanks, Nick. As usual, I will kick things off with a review of our operational highlights and then turn to our business development efforts in the current M&A landscape. During the fourth quarter, we saw production increase to over 114,000 BOE per day, driven by the closing of Novo in the middle of Q3, as well as an acceleration of wells turned in line during the quarter.We turned in line 27.6 net wells evenly split between the Williston and Permian, which included roughly half the net wells in process acquired through our ground game in Q4. While well performance has been in line with expectations, we have been encouraged by the outperformance of our Mascot assets, the new wells completed since closing Forge, and the New Mexico results from our Novo assets.As we navigate the rest of the winter, we expect to see a typical seasonal deferral on IPs from the Williston in the first quarter with the reacceleration in completion activity as we move into the spring and summer. Overall, we expect a relatively balanced completion cadence in 2024 as activity is more heavily weighted towards the Permian, which accounts for about 2/3s of the estimated TILs. Our drilling program has remained consistent over the last 3 quarters as we spud an additional 20.8 net wells in Q4 with our organic acreage seeing continued focus from our operating partners.Our Permian position pulled roughly 60% of the organic net well additions. And if we include the contribution from our ground game, we saw 3/4 of our activity come from the Delaware and Midland Basins. Our acquisitions over the past few years are driving growth in the Permian as locations are converted and we head into 2024. At the end of the year, the Permian wells in process were sitting at all-time highs of 35.7 net wells and now account for more than 50% of our total wells in process and over 2/3s of our oil-weighted wells in process.We expect this trend to continue as the Permian accounts for the majority of expected new drills in 2024. As our drilling program has remained consistent, so have our inbound well proposals. During the quarter, we evaluated over 180 AFEs with our Williston footprint contributing over 100 proposals in every quarter of 2023. Our net well consent rate remained at over 95% in Q4. However, we continue to actively manage the portfolio by comparing what's in the market at a ground game level and what is being proposed.For example, given the commodity market volatility, we non-consented approximately 16% of gross AFEs, which collectively accounted for just half net well in the Williston during the quarter. As certain operators have stepped out, we have redeployed that capital into our ground game at higher expected returns. This highlights our flexibility with capital allocation and our ability to quickly react to changing environments. In contrast, operators that have to stick with their drill schedules.With that said, our acreage footprint continues to produce some of the highest quality opportunities available, as our 2023 well proposals have expected rates of return north of 50% based on the current strip. Looking ahead, we have seen cost reductions come through with our operating partners, yet we remain conservative with our budgeting process for 2024. Through 2023, well costs were relatively flat. However, as of late, we have seen some of our larger operators coming in below their cost estimates from original well proposals.Notably, we have seen evidence from our planning sessions in recent AFEs of a potential 5% to 10% reduction in well costs related to our Mascot, Novo and Forge properties. As gas prices remain under pressure, some drilling and completing resources may also be reallocated to our oily basins, where we could then expect some additional tailwinds. Shifting gears to business development and the M&A landscape, the fourth quarter capped off another banner year for NOG, both on our ground game and in larger M&A.As Nick alluded to earlier, we are able to take advantage of the dislocations we were seeing during the fourth quarter, executing on a number of short-cycle ground game acquisitions. While competitors' budgets were running dry, we were able to step in and deploy meaningful capital consistent with our return requirements. During the quarter, roughly half of the locations we closed on were also turned in line, which will contribute to our 2024 plans and growth profile.Our small ball focus was almost entirely in the Permian during the fourth quarter and caps off a record year for our ground game where we picked up roughly 30 net wells and 2,500 net acres. While we buy nonop interest day in and day out, we've also used our co-buying structures, joint development programs and have acquired operated positions with our ground game to generate these results.During the quarter, we expanded our footprint as we signed and closed our Utica transaction. Similar to our approach in building scale in the Permian, we've elected to walk before we run, deploying a modest amount of capital in the core of a new play under some of the top operators. Since the Utica announcement, we've been inundated with additional opportunities, and we will methodically review each of those as we think about our footprint in Ohio and Appalachia in general.In January, we closed our previously announced non-operated packaging of Delaware, where we have significant overlap with our current positions and grossed up many of our working interests in New Mexico. With Mewbourne as the operator on 80% of the position, we've aligned ourselves with one of the most cost-efficient and active private operators in the basin, which should drive future growth for NOG. The scale that we've been able to achieve over the past few years has opened doors for us that were previously unavailable and the creative structures that we've been able to implement have created mutually beneficial outcomes with alignment for both NOG and our operators.Given the ongoing consolidation in the industry, we have been engaging in more frequent and substantial conversations with our operators. To put the landscape in perspective, there are currently $4 billion to $6 billion of assets that we are reviewing both on and off market. Even more than that, we've been in discussions with some of our large independent and SMID cap operators about how we can be helpful, whether they are pursuing assets or digesting recent acquisitions.As consolidation continues, we can provide capital to help rationalize combined portfolios, accelerate high-quality, longer-dated inventory or facilitate debt reduction initiatives through sales to NOG. These off-market transactions can be tailor-made for both parties and with our growth in size and liquidity could be as large or larger than any of our recent transactions. Simply put, the options to deploy capital on top-tier assets is in no way slowing down for NOG.Depending on the needs and wants of the operator, the solutions could include simple nonop portfolio cleanups, joint development agreements, co-buying operated properties, minority interest carve-outs of operated positions or any combination thereof. At NOG, we pride ourselves on finding win-win solutions through creativity and alignment. Our priority is not to chase growth for growth's sake, but to remain returns-focused over the long-term and doing right by our stakeholders.With that, I'll turn it over to Chad.

[Chad Allen, executive]

Thanks, Adam. I'll start by reviewing our fourth quarter results and provide additional color on the operated update we released on February 15. Average daily production in the quarter was more than 114,000 BOE per day, up 12% compared to Q3 and up 45% compared to Q4 of 2022, marked another NOG record.Oil production mix of our total volumes was lower in the quarter at 60%, driven primarily by gas outperformance. Adjusted EBITDA in the quarter was $402 million, up 52% over the same period last year, while our full year EBITDA was $1.4 billion, up 32% year-over-year. Free cash flow of approximately $104 million in the quarter was up 19% over the same period last year despite lower oil volumes. CapEx pull forward to fund accretive 2024 investments, as well as commodity price volatility and widening oil differentials.Adjusted EPS was $1.61 per diluted share. Oil realizations were wider as expected in Q4, with the increased production and other seasonal factors in the Williston driving wider overall pricing. Permian differentials, particularly in the Delaware were modestly wider. Natural gas realizations were 97% of benchmark prices for the fourth quarter, a bit better than we expected given better winter NGL prices and in-season Appalachian differentials.LOE came in at $9.70 per BOE, which was driven by a few factors. We had highlighted in the third quarter, we expected more normalized workovers in the fourth quarter after a lighter quarter in the prior period. We also incurred approximately $4 million of firm transport expense as a result of refining our accrual process based off historical data. And with the curtailments in our Mascot project that had the effect of artificially inflating the per BOE numbers.As we reach mid-year 2024, we expect our LOE per BOE to trend down as production ramps. On the CapEx front, we invested $260 million in drilling, development and ground game capital in the fourth quarter with roughly 2/3s allocated to the Permian and 1/3 to the Williston. As a result of having access to high-quality opportunities, success on the ground game along with a pull-forward of organic activity, we shifted more investment into the fourth quarter from 2024. The pull forward in activity is most apparent as we are seeing a 5% to 10% decline in expected spud to sales development time lines. We ended the year with over $1 billion of liquidity comprised of $8.2 million of cash on hand and $1.1 billion available on our revolver.Our net debt to LQA EBITDA was 1.15x, and we expect that ratio to remain relatively flat throughout 2024. I want to point out that we did build our working capital significantly in the fourth quarter and expect that trend to continue through the first quarter of the year and then begin to ease for the rest of the year as we convert the tremendous amount of capital that is currently on the ground into revenue producing wells.We have remained disciplined on the hedging front and have been adding significant oil and natural gas hedges for this year through 2026, given the increased commodity price volatility we've seen over the past several months. The oil portfolio consists of over 40% Collars in 2024, maintaining material upside exposure while providing a strong floor near $70 per barrel.With respect to shareholder returns in 2024, everything is on the table. As we've shared in the past, we adhere to a dynamic approach with the objective of achieving optimal returns for our shareholders. And while Nick alluded to potentially an active year for NOG, those activities may include share buybacks, if there's a dislocation in our share price and if returns are competitive with other alternatives we are evaluating.Turning now to our 2024 guidance. We are guiding to 115,000 to 120,000 BOE per day with 70,000 to 73,000 barrels of oil per day. We will see typical seasonal declines in Williston in the first quarter, exacerbated by some [ freezes ] in January, but our production cadence will build throughout the year. We anticipate adding about 90 TILs and 70 Spuds, reflecting the midpoint of our guidance. After a significant build in our D&C list in 2023, the conversion of IP wells in 2024 should materially help our capital efficiency as the D&C cadence returns to more normalized levels. This will bring some large amounts of working capital that we have drawn back on the balance sheet starting in the second quarter.On the CapEx front, the 2023 pull forward lowered our 2024 CapEx from our prior internal estimates. So we are making the assumption that the pull-forwards are likely to continue, given the acceleration and pace of drilling that we're seeing across our core basins. Our CapEx expectations this year are in the $825 million to $900 million range. This level of CapEx will be driven by ground game success, commodity price-driven activity levels throughout the year, and overall well costs, which for the time being are forecasted to stay flat despite recent evidence of savings in AFEs, particularly from our larger JV interest.We have significant capital on the ground right now and expect our larger ventures, specifically Mascot and Novo to ramp materially in the first half of the year, so the capital will be first half weighted around 58% to 60%. On the LOE side, our guidance is purposely wide at $9.25 to $10 per BOE. This is due to the inclusion of our firm transport charge on a quarterly basis as well as the anticipated rent we just discussed. We expect LOE to start on the higher side before trending down throughout the year. We believe there will be room for improvement. We want to be conservative out of the gate.And with the firm transport charges being accrued for quarterly, our LOE expense run rate will be less lumpy than in the last several years. On the cash G&A front, we've seen a modest tick down in average cost per BOE, driven by increased production volumes year-over-year, offset by some inflation in costs and services.On the pricing front, given the low overall price of natural gas, we expect lower gas realizations year-over-year, even as NGL prices have thus far been better than we expected due to seasonal demand for propane use for heating in the winter months. We would expect higher realizations of 85% to 90% in Q1, benefiting from winter NGL prices and differentials. However, we remain cautious based on the typical patterns for pricing as we enter the spring and summer. If we were to see material curtailments from natural gas producers to benefit the overall NYMEX price in 2024, obviously, this could help guidance throughout the year.As a reminder, our 2 stream reporting embeds transport costs and pricing instead of a separate GP&T line item, and the fixed costs that are absorbed make realizations go down when the absolute price is so low. To the extent gas prices rise materially or a flat prices in NGL stick around, there is room to the upside. But for now, this is where we're starting. Thankfully, we are well hedged on the gas front, which offsets much of the weakness in the near-term. On the oil front, while we're guiding wider on differentials to start at $4 to $4.50, we will reevaluate this in the second half of the year.Williston volume growth has widened differentials materially over the past 5 months versus what we've enjoyed over most of 2023. But we believe the Canadian TMX pipeline may pull away some demand from Canadian crude as it comes online in the coming months. We'll remain conservative until then, but this could lift pricing in the back half of the year. Overall, Midland-Cushing differentials have been solid, on the Delaware realized deducts are slightly wider.I'd like to touch on some other items related to guidance. Our production taxes will be tracking an estimated 50 basis points higher in 2024, given the shift in production volumes towards the Permian, where production taxes are generally higher than our other basins. And our DD&A rate per BOE will also be higher in 2024, reflecting over $1 billion of bolt-on and ground game acquisitions completed in 2023. This, of course, does not impact free cash flow as it's a non-cash item, but it does impact EPS and is provided to help with analyst modeling.Before I turn the call over to the operator for our Q&A session, I'd like to provide an update on cash taxes. Given the volume of acquisitions and organic growth completed in 2023, our oil and natural gas properties balance has grown by $1.9 billion year-over-year, which in turn impacts the magnitude of our tax cost depletion reductions, which reduces our taxable income.We are now anticipating becoming a cash taxpayer in 2025 with a potential tax expense of less than $5 million over the following 2 to 3 years, which is a significant reduction from our prior forecast. This is a material improvement for our shareholders with potential of over [ $150 million ] in additional free cash flow over the next several years. With over 20% growth in year-over-year production, a broad opportunity set available in front of us, and a strong balance sheet, NOG is well positioned to execute in 2024 and beyond.With that, I'll turn the call back over to the operator for Q&A.

[Operator]

[Operator Instructions] We'll go to our first question from Neal Dingmann at Truist.

[Neal Dingmann, analyst]

Nick, my question is really just on the timing. Could you just go over -- I guess, timing or cadence that is, can you talk about maybe just looking what the 4Q CapEx and maybe why that doesn't translate into call it immediate production? Maybe just talk about timing, if you would.

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

Sure. Neil, I definitely think I'm the one to answer this because like a lot of the sell-side analysts, I'm not an accountant. I'm a former buy-side analyst. And I can read a financial statement, but the nuances of accrual accounting versus cash CapEx accounting. And I should be clear, a lot of operated companies like a Diamondback or a lot of the operators follow cash CapEx. We're an accrual CapEx company.And so, that means we're going to account for our wells by well status and percentage of completion. And just to be clear, 70% of the cost of a well is in the completion. So as the wells become more complete, the cost of a well we account for goes way up. So in the fourth quarter, as an example, we have, say, 30 wells that we budgeted to go from, say, 25% in the third quarter to go to 50% in the fourth quarter. And instead, they went to 75% to 90% complete, that's a lot of capital. And it doesn't necessarily translate into any incremental production in that quarter. And it's just an accounting exercise. It's not any more capital over the long run. It's just you have to account for that capital in a given quarter.So it's not that we choose to outspend and you just have to account for that in that period. So in excel, you might think, well, why did you choose to spend that and that's why we put this in our release, our TIL count didn't really change that much. Now the ground game spending that was elective, the $25 million, and we capitalized on that. And some of those did turn to sales towards the end of the quarter. But when they come online in December, they're obviously not going to contribute much.They will help in Q1 somewhat. But of course, seasonally, that's one of our slower quarters. If you look at the overall midpoint of our '24 guidance, you will see a partial benefit to the midpoint. Clearly, it's about a $25 million benefit from the pull forward, but from that sort of overrun. But the reason it's not the full sort of $50 million is because our assumptions are that the shorter spud to salesx that we've been seeing, on average, in our total portfolio, you're talking about a full 7% acceleration of spud to salesx.So we're assuming that, that continues sort of in perpetuity. So that means that all of the capital in perpetuity is going forward, so you've got 2025 capital that we would have assumed is also coming into 2024. So there's sort of a half cycle effect to that. So I would also just say for all the listeners out there, we have sort of a mock accrual model that we can make available for anyone that can walk through how a D&C list and a percentage of completion will actually drive CapEx versus the TIL list and model this better. So if anyone would like to reach out to Evelyn, she'd be happy to walk them through it.What I can assure you is that over time, these are just moments in time and the overall spending won't change a ton over it. It's really just a function of timing. In the fourth quarter, our TIL cadence is right on track. We can't really control how we account for well status. We can, of course, control our capital decisions. We made the decision to spend the $25 million on the ground game because those were great economic decisions and relatively modest dollars. But the $50 million plus is not really incremental.The timing of the production cadence of this stuff, frankly, we're more focused on making sound investment decisions with our budget than the optics of the timing on a 3 month time horizon when on a 12 to 18 months for the longer-term investors, it will come out in the wash. A number of the wells are the same. The cost is roughly the same. The amount you're accounting for in a given quarter is different. That's about it. We're not -- and also, I'd just say we're not cherrypicking single IRR -- well IRR plots. We did publish in our earnings presentation, the cume of all our well plots year-over-year. And if you look at the data in aggregate, in our earnings presentation, 2023 was amongst our best well performance years in history.So optically, I recognize it's a bit noisy, but it's just noise, and I want to reassure people, I'm sympathetic because I don't like the optics of it any more than anyone else. And I can understand what you might draw the wrong conclusions, but they'd be the wrong conclusions because the well performance is a testament to everything is going according to plan. So over the long-term, everything is going great.

[Neal Dingmann, analyst]

No, it does sound like that capital in the ground is going to really pay dividends. So I'm glad to hear about the timing. And then my just follow-up, could you just talk a little bit about when you see opportunities that you and Adam are seeing up there right now, Permian versus Bakken, is it pretty slit? Or could you just talk about, is a one region that you're seeing predominantly more potential things.

[Adam Dirlam, executive]

Neil, this is Adam. I would say that the opportunities that we're seeing right now are generally weighted towards the Permian. In the Permian, most of that's in the Delaware. So I don't think anything has necessarily changed. I think one emerging thing that we've seen kind of evolved has been around Appalachia and kind of the commodity price volatility there. You've obviously seen the pain ongoing for the last 12 to 18 months, some of those conversations are tabled a couple of years ago or a year ago when you're seeing [ $7 an N ] and now you're obviously on the inverse of that.And I think with things settling out and having some of these operators truly feel pain, I think there's some ability for us to potentially capitalize there. But I think it's across the board in terms of the conversations that we're having. We're certainly seeing things in the Bakken that are interesting. And looking at our deal tracker right now. I think we've executed about 10 NDAs. There's about 17 different immediate processes that are either in market or coming to market shortly. And so, I think we'll obviously parse through that. A lot of that might just go immediately into the garbage. So I don't think we're necessarily changing our stripes in terms of underwriting or any of that.But I think you've got a few different dynamics that are going on that are interesting, especially on the consolidation front with operators and then having to kind of wrap their head around their new assets and then potentially rationalizing those assets and whether or not those are core assets to them regardless of the economics.

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

Yes. I think the only thing I would add to that would be, on the Williston front, I think you're not seeing as much small-scale activity, but I think there's the opportunity for bigger, chunkier transactions over time. I think there's -- there are bigger things that could move over time there, which does give us some excitement. I think it's -- we did hit record volumes in the fourth quarter. It's been amazing how resilient. It's frankly surprised even us how our Williston asset just keeps growing both organically and frankly, inorganically, we continue to find ways to grow our footprint.Our small foray into the Utica, we have been inundated with Utica opportunities, and we've actually -- even in the last month or 2, we've probably got another half a dozen shop to us. So we've been building up our technical expertise, and we're evaluating through those. We would view that to Adam's point as an extension of Appalachia. It is technically the Appalachian Basin, but that's clearly a distinct play. And obviously, the Utica is a broader play in the sense that it's -- there is a dry gas, wet gas and oil part of it. So it's a couple of different plays in some ways. But just having planned flag there to some degree. By doing so, we've suddenly found ourselves in another set of deal flow.

[Operator]

We'll move to our next question from Charles Meade at Johnson Rice.

[Charles Meade, analyst]

And Nick, I want to go back to this question on the fortunate CapEx, and I know you've already spent a lot of time on it, but I wanted to maybe take a slightly different angle. I think, I understand the dynamic of the opportunity set with the ground games was looking good at year end. And I think I understand the dynamic of your accrual accounting. What I don't get is the magnitude of it, particularly with respect to kind of what you knew on November 1 when you reported 3Q.And so, I'm wondering if there's something that I don't understand, like maybe that -- what you call your ground game, D&C, if that would get loaded into that line item, is everything you've done from the ground game year-to-date, I don't know, maybe you could just address it from that angle.

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

Well, Charles, I mean, as a nonoperator, well status updates come from the operators on delay. And so, we're only as good as the information that is provided to us, right? So oftentimes, it can be -- we can -- we're provided the stuff sometimes months on delay, right? So we can be told that a well is -- hasn't been even spud and then you'll get a report that has been completed. And so, I don't have any answer beyond that.

[Adam Dirlam, executive]

Same thing can be said with the ground game, right, depending on the complexity and the due diligence that's going around that, some of these deals can get closed within weeks and some of them take months. And then you get up into year-end and there's different from a seller standpoint, different tax consequences, and so different levels of urgency there. And so, we're trying to be as accommodating and commercial as we can without obviously sacrificing any of the protection from a due diligence standpoint, but these things ebb and flow on a real-time basis.

[Charles Meade, analyst]

Got it. So if I understand correctly, you've got both volatility and also maybe would be fair to characterize as long as there's out-of-period adjustment catchups.

[Chad Allen, executive]

Charles, this is Chad. I don't think it's necessarily out-of-period adjustment. Like we mentioned earlier, it's the pull forward, I think. Look, we had record D&C levels at Q3, and the timing of when those come off really depends on, like Nick mentioned, the well status and where it's at. I think, look, we went from a typical DNC list percentage of completion of 40% all the way up to just over 60%. So I think you see that build and that ebbs and flows each quarter as we receive well status from operators.

[Charles Meade, analyst]

Got it.

[Adam Dirlam, executive]

Charles, maybe just to put it into perspective, in terms of the accrual accounting. An operator is collecting all of the service invoices and everything else, and they have to aggregate all of that and then bill it out to the various non-ops. And every operator does that at a different cadence, right? And so you have these accruals out there until we're confident that all of the costs that have been incurred from actuals have been appropriately billed. And so those accruals, depending on the operator, can hang out there a few months, however long, relative to the IP date, because we need to make sure that we've got the coverage that we need.

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

Yes. But at the end of the day, it doesn't really change the aggregate dollars. It's not any more wells. It's just a factor of time.

[Adam Dirlam, executive]

You're looking at it on a 3-month basis when you need to be looking at it on a 12 to...

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

So what I can tell you is we're not making any different capital decisions. We're electing to the same number of wells. We're tilling the same number of wells. It's just a matter of how much money is being spent. It's not a matter of these wells costing more or performing worse. It's a matter of truncating the amount of capital and when you're accruing for it when. Optically, I'm not any happier about it than anybody else.

[Adam Dirlam, executive]

And it dovetails into '24, right, and what the projected well costs are. We've had some great conversations with our operators and what we're seeing in field estimates, and we alluded to it as much, right? I think we expect 5% to 10%, underrun from these AFEs. But we're going to take these AFEs at face value, and depending on the operator, those AFEs might be 3 months old, they might be 12 months old, but we're not going to change our accounting practices based on what that mix looks like.

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

Yes. And let me walk you through how that works, Charles. So let's just say Midland-Petro sends us an AFE -- gross AFE for $12 million in November. So they send us that, and we're accruing for that $12 million on a percentage of completion starting in November, through the completion of that well, let's just say it's in April, and we'll continue. And then that accrual is held until probably -- and then there's a period where it's held out until the final billing, which is probably at least 90 days, until after the well is on sales. And then if there's no more billing after that, that accrual falls out and it's finalized. We're getting field reports along the way that, that well maybe it's costing $10 million, right? So there's a $2 million savings, but only at some point later in 2024 will you see in our results that reduction to the capital. So there's a lot of conservatism built into this. If your typical cash operator, when they guide to you, and they say, we're going to spend $12 million in this quarter, and then they actually spend $10 million, they're giving you the immediacy of that benefit; we're not. And so what I would tell you is there's inherent conservatism in how we're doing this, but over time, you will see the benefits of those. And so while it obviously is the inverse, certainly in the fourth quarter, over time, I think you'll see it doesn't really change the outcome in the long run. And in some ways, I think, throughout 2024 and certainly into next year, you will see the benefits of our accounting. And like I said, it will all come out in the wash.

[Charles Meade, analyst]

Thank you for all that added detail. And if I can transition away from accounting and more towards pictures, which I'm better at. I like pretty pictures. Slide 10, I appreciate that you guys put this gun barrel view of your Mascot project. One short question, one bigger question. So the first question is, those yellow circles, I'm interpreting that as completion batches is what it looks like. Is that right? And then the second thing I want to ask you guys, a little more open ended. I really like this picture. It helps fill in the dynamics for me. But I guess when you guys first looked at this, and I recognize it may be as much as a year ago, but what are the lessons there? What insights did you generate or what insights came to you when you first looked at this?

[Jim Evans, executive]

Hey, Charles, this is Jim. What you're looking at there, the yellow amoebas, those are completion batches. So we'll do them in 2, 3, 4 wells at a time. And then what we're showing is you've got several rows where you need to shut wells in behind it, whether it's due to the drilling or fracking to protect yourself. So when we looked at this about a year ago, really all you saw in here, in terms of wells they were producing, was the charger unit. And so the Mustang, Rebel, and Bulldog units were all undeveloped at that time. Discussions around development timing, completion with MPDC at that time was that we were going to do smaller batches. And so where you see the yellow dots, we'd maybe do 3 wells at a time, complete those wells, turn them online, go another 6 months, complete the next 3 to 4 wells. What we saw with the first batches is that we started to see some interference issues, some frac hits, because we were drilling and fracking all at the same time as we moved from west to east across this project. And so the decision was made, let's do bigger batches. And so what that did is it obviously causes delays in when we thought the project was going to peak in terms of production. But what we're seeing is that because we're doing that, we're getting better well performance overall. The project is outperforming by 5% to 10% versus our original estimates. Obviously, there's delays, but we think in the long run, it's actually going to benefit from a return on investment, IRR, overall project economics. And so what we're learning is that, obviously, things change over time, and this is a big working interest project, so it's more impactful than our typical non-op package would be. So our learning is just make sure we're in full communication with the operator at all times, and that we're all in agreement on how the development plan is going to go forward. And like I said, we're receptible to the changes. Obviously, that hurts us from a guidance standpoint and trying to understand when these wells are going to be coming online. But overall, we're very happy with the project, and we're comfortable with how things have changed.

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

And what you can see in this, Charles, is that you're pretty much almost all the way there, right? You're down to your last, pretty much, 8 wells to be drilled, your frac schedule, and what you can see is where the Charger and Mustang, which are really the ones that are remaining there, you're going to have fewer shut-ins on the back end, you will have to shut some in when you go to frac those wells later on. But in the last wave of shut ins, which will be towards the end of this year, into 2025, it'll be reduced. So the one thing I can tell you about this project is while it won't produce that peak rate that it would have, it will [ accumulate ] way more barrels and a much flatter production profile than it ever would have before. And so the total ROI on the project will be much more superior to what it would have been originally. And obviously, we're also saving -- because you're doing much more continuous drilling and fracking, we're saving a lot of money. That's still to be determined until we finish the project. And I think we want to be a bit tight lipped and conservative on that until we're done. But I think we feel very confident, at this point, that it's gone swimmingly. And obviously, maybe it doesn't feel that way. But the strip was about $70 this year when we underwrote this program, and obviously, we're in the mid-to-high 70s today, so we're earning higher returns than we would have otherwise underwritten.

[Operator]

We'll go next to Scott Hanold at RBC Capital Markets.

[Scott Hanold, analyst]

In your prepared comments, you mentioned about wanting to accretively double the company in 5 years. Can you give us a sense of how you achieved that? Since you came on, you first pivoted out of the Bakken into other basins, and obviously your next significant move was doing JVs. What's next? Is there other basins you're looking at? Would you consider being an operator? How do you double a company from here?

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

I'm curious, what's that wonderful music in the background.

[Scott Hanold, analyst]

Sorry, lots of calls going on today.

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

I think what you see is what you get. I think what I would tell you is we still see a lot of the same stuff. We still see a lot of regular way, the [ ground game ]. Look, we did almost $300 million with the ground game. It was a record year. I think we did several thousand acres, which included over 30 locations, which is frankly a monstrous record. And we're doing it in a different way. We've moved out of the fractional, small-scale stuff into much larger. We're solving major operator problems, and it's mostly dealing with our mega operators. Obviously, we have moved into the JVs, but that's more a function that we can actually do that they were dealing with private equity groups that were noncommercial in the past because they were the only ones that had the capital, and they'd much preferred to work with an actual true oil and gas concern that's a permanent owner of the assets. And so we've really become the first oil and gas concern that can actually do that. And so I do think that will be an avenue that goes there.I think there are still, we know of, half a dozen regular way non-op transactions that are going to come to market either on or off market within this year. And so obviously we will be looking at those. But I can tell you, to Adam's point, he said, we've signed 10 nondisclosure agreements this year. It just keeps coming. We continue to be contacted, people coming to see us saying, I have this problem or I need to buy this or I want to do this, can you help us do this? And we are trying to solve solutions, whether it be rationalize their assets, whether they have an asset that cannot be sold and they would like to sell a portion of it, like what we did with Midland-Petro. There are all sorts of solutions that we're trying to provide. And with that we can create the scale that I'm describing, but I am extremely confident that we can grow it and create a return for our investors.As for other basins, there are other great economic basins. There are certainly ones that I would very much like to avoid. But I think we can solve for the risks around them. We certainly have technical expertise. We've looked at a handful of other basins that we would be interested in. There are some that I think are going to be a challenge. I think there are some that we would, of course, for the right opportunity, go to. I think there are some that we would have to, frankly, create governance or other things to get around those risks. And I don't know, Adam, if you want to add to that.

[Adam Dirlam, executive]

Yes. I just feel like a broken record quarter after quarter. But it's the scale that we have now. It's the optionality and the deal structures and the blueprint that we've created. And then, frankly, it comes down to reputation, and our ability to execute and our ability to be commercial. And so we've got more than we can shake a stick at in terms of the inbounds and how can we solve a problem together. And so those are the conversations that we're having. And I talked about the stuff that's in the market, and that's everything from the non-op packages to the DrillCo-like joint development agreements, as well as the co-buying. But now you've got this different theme emerging with the operators merging and the rationalization coming in there. And so you can add another arrow to the quiver in terms of how northern can be helpful. And so if you've got all of those options and you've got the balance sheet and you've got the reputation, then you can use all of those to your advantage. In order to execute.

[Scott Hanold, analyst]

Okay. Appreciate that color. And my follow-up question is on shareholder return. You mentioned that you'd be willing to step in and lay in the buybacks with market dislocations. Can you give us a sense of how aggressive are you willing to get there? And how do you think about intrinsic value? It seems like you think the stock price is attractive today, but can you get a sense of where is that point where you really get aggressive and how deep can you go?

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

Yes, I can't give away too much of our playbook, Scott. And obviously, it's a Board decision. We've been in discussions with the Board. We are watching. I would say, as an ex-hedge fund manager, we have a fairly sophisticated internal modeling of this, and we try to use it, and we model it internally and compare it and compete it versus generic M&A and all that stuff when we run all of these things versus we effectively mock it against where that capital could go elsewhere, right? Because you have to sit there and say to yourself, if I spend this money today, where could it go elsewhere. But frankly, as we look to the first quarter, this represents the worst relative performance we've seen in about 3 years. And we view it as relatively inexplicable, given the fact that our growth profile as we look this year is one of the best in the space. Perhaps it's because I can come up with a harebrained, long/short thesis of some sort or whatever. But regardless, generally, like I said, life gives you lemons, you make lemonade. That creates opportunities for us, and that's how you allocate capital when you see that. So we'll be watching, and if the opportunity presents it, we're ready to act. We certainly have availability in our buyback authorization. We can always create more and go to the Board if necessary. And so I think we have over $80 million today available. We can always ask for more if the Board's willing. And that's a Board level decision.

[Operator]

We'll go next to John Freeman at Raymond James.

[John Freeman, analyst]

Following up on the last comment there where you said that you'll would consider looking at -- I guess there's a handful of other basins that you'll have looked at or considered. I would assume that for you all to do anything outside of the 3 basins that you're in, that it would require a pretty substantial position, not something that you always build into, right? You would need enough scale for it to make sense to add a fourth leg to the stool. Is that correct?

[Adam Dirlam, executive]

Yes, I think that's a fair point. I think there's a handful of different dynamics that come into play. Obviously, the land and the regulation around that and what that means for a non-operator. And then when you think about co-buying or buying down a minority interest in an operated position, you're linking arms with an operator that likely already has that expertise in that basin to the extent that we need to have 2 sets of eyes taking a look at things. And so I think that's an interesting dynamic in terms of taking a look outside of our own backyard and being able to link up with some of the best-in-class operators that we want to partner with.

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

Yes. I think there are some basins that would be a real challenge, John. but I think there are some basins that may have some risk to them that could be solved if you had the right -- that might have the right rock but have other risks associated with them that could be solved if you had the right operating partner.

[John Freeman, analyst]

That makes sense. And then my follow up question, obviously, we spent a lot of time on the accrual aspects on the CapEx, and it looks pretty clear that whether it's late this year or next year that the cost improvements that you're seeing at some of those major properties, eventually that'll show up. If I shift gears and think about the guidance as it relates to production, you've got a slide in there that shows the productivity you'll are seeing in the Permian and the Williston. And I think the Williston, in particular, was pretty surprising for me, just you think of it as a mature one of the older basins, and it looks like, obviously, still early here, but '24 results look like they're meaningfully outperforming. Is your guidance on production related to the Williston, does it assume more like a 2023-type well results?

[Jim Evans, executive]

John, this is Jim. We always go into a year assuming there's going to be some well performance degradation. Obviously, we've got about 9 months of wells in process. We already have a pretty good idea of what we think the performance of those wells will be, but we do always assume there's going to be some degradation. But really, that plays into our portfolio management, right, as we're thinking about which wells we want to participate in, which operators we think are the best performers, where we're going to target our activity levels. And so that's really how we manage our activity and our well performance to make sure that year over year, we're doing a good job and participating in the best wells. Obviously, 2024 is off to a great start, but it's pretty early on. We'll keep an eye on that and see how it changes over time. But we're obviously very encouraged. We're happy with the Permian. 2023 outperformed a little bit versus 2022, even as we moved more into the Midland, which is less productive than the Delaware side. So we're very happy there as well. And again, 2024 is off to a great start. So overall well performance has been as good or better than expected, but we'll stay true to our roots and expect some well degradation, which is what we build into our guidance and our forecast. So essentially some upside there, but we'll wait until we get more information as we go farther into the year.

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

If you're looking for optimism from a nonoperator, you're not going to get it, John.

[Adam Dirlam, executive]

John, maybe to give you a little different perspective. I think from our PDP adds from a Williston standpoint, it was generally concentrated with Continental, Marathon, and Slawson, so some of our best operators in '23. And if I'm looking at the D&C list as well as some of the near-term AFEs, you've got a similar setup with Conoco and Slawson and Continental all leading the pack in terms of what that makeup is, so encouraged by where these guys are operating and how they're performing.

[Operator]

Our next question comes from Phillips Johnston at Capital One.

[Phillips Johnston, analyst]

Chad, you gave some pretty good color on LOE in your prepared remarks. You mentioned the run rate should start to fall in mid '24 as production ramps. And obviously you've got the FT charges tapering off by the middle of next year. So wondering where we might be by Q4, and as you look out into '25, would $9 a barrel be a good placeholder for our models, or would you steer us to something above that or below that?

[Chad Allen, executive]

I think that sounds in the ballpark, Phillips. Yes, like I mentioned, we're going to be running a little hot as we catch up the FT charge, we only have instead of a year to accrue for, we only have 6 months, so that'll be a little bit heavier in the first quarter. But, yes, then as I mentioned, we will trend down probably towards the bottom end of our guidance range, maybe even a little bit lower as we close out the back half of the year.

[Phillips Johnston, analyst]

Okay, sounds good. And then maybe just a question for Adam. Looks like the plan involves 70 net spuds and 90 turn-in-lines. Can you talk about maybe what's driving that 20-well gap and what that might mean for the trajectory of production and capital efficiency into 2025?

[Adam Dirlam, executive]

You've got, obviously, the Midland-Petro project finishing up. That's a 40% working interest, so you've got concentration there. And then as we proceed throughout the year, we're going to be getting these well proposals coming in the door and so what that looks like. And so I think it'll depend on obviously that working interest mix as well as the cadence and activity levels of the Permian as well as the Bakken. So I think it's a function of both Novo and some of the other larger transactions that we had, and where that activity level is concentrated. We're having these conversations on a quarterly basis with our operating partners, and so that can change.

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

Phillips, for a normal course, our D&C list should usually roughly equate to about half of our TIL count. And obviously it's been elevated. We've been building it because we've been growing organically, so over time [indiscernible] should be about half. And that's partly why our CapEx has been elevated. So it masks some of the capital efficiency of the business. And so that's why you will see our capital efficiency markedly improve. And if you go back to, say, 2021 where our D&C list was declining, you would see material improvements to free cash flow yield and other things. And that's because you were running a leaner D&C list. And so it's more just a normalization of it. So I wouldn't make the assumption that it leads to material declines or something like that. It's just more a normalization of the D&C list because obviously we've been going through [ Permian ]. Think about it, last quarter our oil production grew 5,300 barrels, and not all of that was just Novo. A lot of that was organic. So you've been seeing volume growth material, right? So you're just really flattening out that growth production effectively as you exit the year to some degree.

[Operator]

We'll move next to Donovan Schafer at Northland Capital Markets.

[Donovan Schafer, analyst]

So, first, I want to talk about the reserve. So I was a reservoir engineer in my first job out of college, so I might be a bit biased on this. But I do think you can draw a lot of meaningful conclusions or pull out some insights from [indiscernible] if you know how to make some adjustments because obviously there are a lot of adjustments to make in order to show a true economic reality. But so the PV-10 was $5 billion, which is almost exactly in line with what you're trading in terms of enterprise value. And that's on an SEC pricing basis. And that can cause crazy distortions. This time around, it does, at least in my view, look like the SEC pricing happens to not look too crazy and be, kind of, sort of, close to what we could expect going forward. But there are a lot of other things for where you are right now as a company where the reserve work may not be accurate and need more adjustments. So one is Utica and Delaware acquisitions. I don't think those would be included, so if you can confirm that.

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

Donovan, we don't really book PUDs -- as a non-op, we don't book our PUDs, right? So unlike an operator, an operator can book a full PUD booking for 5 years. How many PUDs do we book in there?

[Chad Allen, executive]

We generally book about 2 to 2.5 years of activity, right? As a non-operator, we still need to show that we're converting more than 20% of our PUDs every single year. And so in the projects that we've been doing, the Novo and Forge, we have a more definitive drill schedule so we can book more PUDs there. But on your typical non-op where the operators aren't providing us with their actual drill schedules, it's hard for us to show that high level of confidence that certain locations will get drilled over the next 5 years. Now, we're obviously going to have the activity that, as we showed this last year almost 80 net TILs. But we can't book those specific locations because we need to make sure that we're converting those locations. So we have a lot more locations than what we're booking in our reserves. And so it's a very conservative reserve set that you're seeing there.

[Donovan Schafer, analyst]

Right. And then another thing is just, this is coming from my recollection of how things work. So I'm looking for what your thoughts are on the relative impact of this. Is that the other thing about how the way you have to do it with the SEC, the pricing gets locked in on a historical basis, and so like in this case, with the current reserve report that you just put out or the numbers you just shared, you're stuck with the current commodity price, the 2023 commodity prices, and then they do the same thing on D&C costs. But D&C costs follow commodity prices on a lagged basis. It sounds like the more material decline in D&C costs, you're only just now starting to see that, yet you're locked in at a level of D&C cost that honestly may have been more reflective of commodity prices in 2022, right? So that also creates -- am I right in that? Am I remembering that correctly?

[Chad Allen, executive]

Yes, you're correct there, right? We have to use trailing 12-month prices, so that's locked in. We have to hold that constant going forward.

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

Same thing for LOE.

[Chad Allen, executive]

And so if you think about where we were last year, SEC prices were in the mid-90s. Now we're in the high-70s. So that has an impact on our reserves. We lose a lot of reserves just cutting off the tail end. Those reserves that we had to replace. It was about 30 million barrels that we lost just due to pricing. And then also on the well cost, because we're not an operator, we look back at historical AFEs that we got over the last year, which is more of an $80, $90 price environment. And that's what we have to bake in going forward versus an operator. They can model their current costs going forward because they have the AFEs, they have the actual well costs to model that. So again, we're being double conservative there because we're holding a lower price from a commodity standpoint, but then we have to use higher well costs, higher LOE than what we're expecting on a go-forward basis.

[Donovan Schafer, analyst]

All right. And then moving on, I may have some more follow ups on that afterwards. But for now, the other one, just as a quick modeling question, with the freeze in the Williston in Q1, having an impact on production there, is that going to have an impact on the oil mix? When I triangulate that with full year guidance, is that something where we can see oil mix come down a bit or higher in a way that would be material at all? I'm just trying to think. I want to avoid a situation where somebody just models a slight production dip in Q1, but you end up underestimating the impact because it is more weighted towards oil or it's a change in the oil mix or something. And then does that mean in Q2, Q3, Q4, you could have a higher oil mix than what is necessarily in the guidance for the full year?

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

I think from a guidance standpoint, we feel pretty confident in the numbers that we put out there. We put out both total production and oil. So you can infer an annual oil cut there. Yes, in Q1, most of the shut ins were in the Williston, which is a higher oil cut. So you could potentially see lower oil cut in Q1 and then it rise as we go throughout the year. And obviously our Midland-Petro project is a very high oil cut, and so that will also improve your oil cut throughout the year there. But I don't think it's going to be...

[Adam Dirlam, executive]

I don't think it's going to be material. I don't think it's going to be material because there were also some mild curtailments in the Permian as well. So on the margin, I don't think, it's going to be -- you're talking about a 10 point difference between or 7 point difference between the Permian and the rest of our basins. So I don't think it's going to be massive in any material way.

[Operator]

We'll move to our next question from Paul Diamond at Citi.

[Paul Diamond, analyst]

Just a couple of quick ones. Talk about some outperformance on Forge. Can you just talk a bit more about that if you guys are seeing that as [ established as ] trend and I guess what you're expecting out of that this year?

[Jim Evans, executive]

Paul, this is Jim. Yes, we're seeing the same thing. Vital announced yesterday, they're seeing about 30% to 35% outperformance on the new wells versus the legacy Forge assets. We're seeing something similar versus what we underwrote. It's around 30% outperformance. I think it's around optimization on spacing, completion design, production uptime on artificial lift, that is not baked into our go-forward plan. We're still modeling based on what we originally underwrote for the acquisition. So we do see potential upside there as we continue to go throughout the year. We think we'll see that, and we'll adjust as we get more data. Typically, we like to see 6 to 9 months of history before we feel confident in adjusting our assumptions, but so far we're very encouraged with what we're seeing out there.

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

Yes. And they've also just done one of their main initiatives when they bought the asset was really to work on the PDP itself, was really to work on lowering costs of the [ actuals ] on the existing assets. And I think they've done a good job cleaning that up.

[Paul Diamond, analyst]

Got it. Understood. And just a quick follow up. You guys talked about having a lot of conversations with the small and midcap operators. You talked about scale being similar to prior deals. Can you dig down a bit more on that? Is there a pretty wide range to that scale you're seeing, or is it all pretty much locked in, similar to Mascot, Forge, Novo, things of that sort? Or could we go a bit smaller, a bit larger? What are you guys seeing?

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

You mean just in terms of partners?

[Paul Diamond, analyst]

Yes.

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

I think a lot of the stuff from the mega transactions, we have a lot of conversations with the largest of the large. Certainly, we have a lot of interest from small-scale people as well, because they always need money, just like everybody else. But I think in terms of the asset rationalization, we're also seeing the conversations from very large and midcap and upper-midcap companies as well. So I think it runs the gamut. I think what I would tell you from our perspective, and I'd rather let Adam talk about this than me, is that from our perspective, it's not one size fits all. Our methodology is going to change depending on what type of counterparty it is, meaning that we're going to adjust our structure based on what type of party it is. It's probably going to become more mean-spirited depending on who we're dealing with.

[Adam Dirlam, executive]

That's right. And just to, I guess, put it into perspective in terms of deal size and partners. On a ground-game level, we're doing this on a unit-by-unit basis. We've also got, for example, private equity groups that have just raised capital that are looking to participate in $100 million to $200 million transaction size levels that are looking for a partner so that they can use some of their dry powder for development on a go-forward basis. And then you've got, obviously, the ones that we prosecuted last year that were significantly larger than that. So it runs the gamut, like Nick was saying.

[Operator]

We'll go next to John Abbott at Bank of America.

[John Abbott, analyst]

Sticking with the $4 billion to $6 billion of opportunities that you're seeing out there, and you look at the balance sheet, you look at your share price, what are your thoughts on potentially financing transactions at this point in time?

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

Yes. John, we raised $290 million last fall for a reason, which was that we felt that we saw a great opportunity in front of us, and we wanted to be prepared to act. We've got over $1 billion of liquidity. Frankly, with all of the transactions that have happened, I think something like 10% of the revolvers have been recalled across the board. Chad is the most popular girl at the prom right now. He has banks begging him to take money. And so we certainly have capital available to us. I don't think that's the case for everybody. But I think for scaled companies like ourselves, the ability to raise additional capital is there, certainly. So my point being that I think we have the capacity on balance sheet for upwards of $1 billion without raising any additional capital. And I think that would satiate us quite easily for the time being. Obviously, beyond that we'll see. But as you do those, and we haven't really done much more than $1 billion in a year, so I think we're in pretty good shape for 2024.

[John Abbott, analyst]

Very, very helpful. There was a lot of conversations earlier on accrual accounting, but I guess the real question here is, looking beyond the noise as you think about the exit rate for this year. Nothing necessarily specific, where do you see the exit rate for 2024 in terms of production?

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

Yes. As a non-operator, Jim Evans will stab me with a large knife if I talk about that, because we just talked about how the timing can really vary. And the truth is that if we see acceleration of projects, and we see everything come on early in the third quarter, we'll produce a lot more barrels and our guidance will be raised for the year. And so if we see our production peak in the third quarter, that would be a great thing. And so theoretically we'd see peak production in the third quarter and your "exit rate" would be lower. Of course, we would find ways to redeploy capital and exit higher. So I'd be hesitant to see that. But I would say, as we described in our release, we obviously believe we'll be down modestly in the first quarter. We would expect a material jump in the second quarter, another jump in the third quarter, and then a mild jump in the fourth quarter. So I think I would just leave it at that for now. But I would say that obviously, based on our guidance, that is substantial, and I'm sorry to punt on that.

[Adam Dirlam, executive]

It's February. But things can change [indiscernible].

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

Yes. So I'm sorry, but as a non-operator, that's the best I can do for you. But I would say this, that we're in the business to grow our company and there's a reason in our business. Look, there are great things about being a non-operator, a lot of great things, but the timing of it we know is the part of it. And honestly, to the extent that it gets accelerated, we're going to produce a lot more barrels this year. So that's a good thing. But the exit rate is, we're not a laundromat, right? It's not a machine. The exit rate is one of those things that people like to hang on to. But it's not about a moment in time. It's about the number of barrels you produce over the life. And so I just say this, that we are in the business to grow the business over time, and I think that that's the most important thing.

[Operator]

And we'll take our final question from Noel Parks at Tuohy Brothers.

[Noel Parks, analyst]

Just had a couple. You talked a little earlier about you can't really do one size fits all in terms of just how you look at different acquisitions. But is it fair to say that you're pretty agnostic between private operated versus publicly-traded operated non-op interest right now, either for the ground game or for larger A&D?

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

I wouldn't say that. I think it depends on the quality of the operator. There are great privates, but there are really large operators that are bad. I think it really goes operator specific. There are really good operators, and there are really bad operators that are big and small. Right, Adam?

[Adam Dirlam, executive]

I think you need to differentiate what private means. Are you talking about private equity or are you talking about true private, right? And those business models are run very, very differently. You've got one hat's renting an asset, one that's had it and will continue to have it for a very, very long time. And so their viewpoint on a short term or a long term basis could be very, very different. Yes. [ Newburn ] is a private company, and it's one of the finest operators in the know. And I can think of many private equity backed operators that are renting the asset and looking to flip. Yes. I would say typically we're looking at people who have a similar view as us in terms of the long term. But that's not to say that there aren't great private equity operators that are out there as well that we'd be willing to partner with.

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

Absolutely.

[Noel Parks, analyst]

Oh, great. Well, thanks for the clarification. And I guess I was wondering a bit, talking about the Williston, and we have seen a deal there, the first one maybe in quite a while of any size. And just wondering, I have not paid a lot of attention to the state of the land management out there. Some of those leases are probably 15 years old, if not longer, at this point. So I just wonder, you've been there so long. Are things pretty cleaned up there, or is there still stuff to do just in terms of, I don't know, neglected books or absent non-op positions that you can still...

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

It's pretty blocked up, Noel, but there are still things to know. It's just going to be more about, people when they're ready, there are things that are owned that when people are ready to sell, will be sold. But I don't think it's like the wild west where there's lots of open land ready to be sold. Is that fair, Adam?

[Adam Dirlam, executive]

Yes, I think that's fair. The other thing that I would add to that is just the evolution of the completion methodology, right? You've seen a lot of operators refine those techniques and step out. So the rate of return and the economics on some of those projects that you wouldn't even look at, call it 2, 3 years ago, are things that are certainly viable now. And then that changes the landscape from a land standpoint. So you can do some of the blocking and tackling in terms of picking up some whitespace acreage and bringing in appropriate operators that are going to do a good job. And as a non-operator, we're not beholden to one particular area, right? So we can get into the core day in and day out and continue to gross up our working interest as we get 100 AFEs a quarter, as we did in 2023. So there's always wood to chop. It's just a different dynamic.

[Operator]

And that concludes the question-and-answer session. I would like to turn the conference over to Nick O'Grady for closing remarks.

[Nicholas O'Grady, executive]

Thanks, everyone, for joining us today. We'll see you on the next one. Appreciate your time. This is the way.

[Operator]

And this concludes today's conference call. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.