Intercontinental Exchange Inc

NYSE:ICE

Earnings Call Analysis

Record Q3 Results and Cautious Guidance Ahead

In its third quarter, the company reported record net revenues of $2.3 billion, marking a 7% increase year-over-year. Transaction revenues reached $1.1 billion, while recurring revenues stood at $1.2 billion. The adjusted operating income rose by 12%, totaling $1.4 billion, with adjusted EPS reaching $1.55. The balance sheet improved, reducing debt by $600 million. Looking ahead, the company anticipates fourth-quarter OTC revenue between $75 million and $80 million, alongside adjusted operating expenses ranging from $977 million to $987 million. CapEx guidance is now set at $700 million to $740 million, focused on efficiency in data center investments.

ICE's Record-Breaking Performance in Q3 2024

The Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) reported a remarkable third quarter in 2024, achieving record net revenues of $2.3 billion. This includes $1.1 billion from transaction revenues and $1.2 billion from recurring revenues. When adjusted for the acquisition of Black Knight, total revenue grew by 7% year-over-year and increased by 6% over the first three quarters of 2024. Notably, adjusted operating income rose 12% to a record $1.4 billion, accompanied by an adjusted earnings per share (EPS) of $1.55, reflecting strong operational efficiency.

Strategic Cost Management and Debt Reduction

During this quarter, ICE successfully reduced its outstanding debt by approximately $600 million, ending with an adjusted leverage of about 3.5x EBITDA. Adjusted operating expenses were reported at $960 million, a modest 1% increase year-over-year. Looking forward, ICE has forecasted fourth-quarter adjusted operating expenses between $977 million and $987 million, which includes $10 million to $15 million in expected non-recurring costs. This careful management of expenses and debt positions ICE for sustainable growth.

Outlook for Q4 and Fiscal Year 2024

For the fourth quarter, ICE is projecting revenue from over-the-counter (OTC) and other sources to range from $75 million to $80 million. This estimate accounts for a regulatory fee holiday, anticipated to decrease these revenues by $15 million to $20 million. ICE has also revised its full-year capital expenditures estimates to $700 million to $740 million, primarily driven by key data center investments planned earlier for 2025, promising future expense efficiencies.

Energy Segment Dominating Market Performance

ICE's Exchange segment demonstrated extraordinary resilience, with net revenues of $1.3 billion for Q3, marking a 12% increase year-over-year. Transaction revenues surged to $890 million, up 17% due to substantial growth in interest rate and energy markets. Notably, volumes rose dramatically, including a staggering 34% growth in interest rates and a 23% increase in energy revenues. The open interest in these markets has also increased by 23% year-over-year, indicating robust demand.

Fixed Income and Data Services Segment Growth

In the Fixed Income and Data Services segment, ICE reported revenues of $586 million, bolstered by a 6% growth in recurring revenues to $461 million. This segment showcased strong growth within its pricing and reference data businesses, driven in part by fund inflows into ETFs tracking ICE indices, which saw assets under management surge to a record $674 billion.

Encouraging Trends in Mortgage Technology

ICE's mortgage technology unit generated revenues of $509 million, with recurring revenues stabilizing at $387 million compared to the previous year. The company noted an improved environment for mortgage originations, and while total IMT revenues are expected to range between $495 million and $505 million for the next quarter, efforts to enhance their technology and network continue, positioning ICE well for market normalization.

Positioning for Future Growth

As ICE navigates forward, it is focused on sustaining its all-weather business model. The integration of various market participants into its network is expected to create a more valuable platform. The company anticipates a continued focus on technology investments and market efficiencies, alongside expectations of normalized transaction volumes, paving the way for long-term profitability.

Sustainability and Environmental Markets

Reflecting on market trends towards clean energy, ICE's environmental markets have seen significant increases in participant activity, reaching record volumes in the third quarter, with environmental revenues growing by 60% year-over-year. The company's proactive stance on carbon pricing is aimed at enhancing market engagement and throughput, meeting both regulatory and market demand.

Earnings Call Transcript 2024-Q3

[Operator]

Hello, everyone, and welcome to the ICE Third Quarter 2024 Earnings Conference Call and Webcast. My name is Lydia, and I'll be your operator today. [Operator Instructions] I'll now hand you over to Katia Gonzalez, Manager of Investor Relations, to begin. Please go ahead.

[Katia Gonzalez, executive]

Good morning. ICE's third quarter 2024 earnings release and presentation can be found in the Investors section of ice.com. These items will be archived and our call will be available for replay.

Today's call may contain forward-looking statements. These statements, which we undertake no obligation to update, represent our current judgment and are subject to risks, assumptions and uncertainties. For a description of the risks that could cause our results to differ materially from those described in forward-looking statements, please refer to our 2023 Form 10-K, 2024 third quarter Form 10-Q and other filings with the SEC.

In our earnings supplement, we refer to certain non-GAAP measures. We believe our non-GAAP measures are more reflective of our cash operations and core business performance. You'll find a reconciliation to the prevailing GAAP terms in the earnings materials. When used on this call, net revenue refers to revenue net of transaction-based expenses and adjusted earnings refers to adjusted diluted earnings per share. Throughout this presentation, unless otherwise indicated, references to revenue growth are on a constant currency basis. Please see the explanatory notes on the second page of the earnings supplement for additional details regarding the definition of certain items.

With us on the call today are Jeff Sprecher, Chair and CEO; Warren Gardiner, Chief Financial Officer; Stuart Williams, Chief Operating Officer; Lynn Martin, President of the NYSE; and Chris Edmonds, President of Fixed Income and Data Services.

I'll now turn the call over to Jeff.

[Jeffrey Sprecher, executive]

Thank you, Katia. Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining us. Ben Jackson is not able to join today's call as he's recovering from successful knee surgery. Our Chief Operating Officer, Stuart Williams, is in the room with us today. Ben plans to be back in a few days' time.

Let's start by turning our call over to Warren.

[Warren Gardiner, executive]

Thanks, Jeff. Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining us today. I'll begin on Slide 4 with a summary of our record third quarter results. Third quarter net revenues totaled a record $2.3 billion, including record transaction revenues of $1.1 billion and record recurring revenues of $1.2 billion. Pro forma for the acquisition of Black Knight, total revenue increased by 7% versus last year and is up 6% through the first 3 quarters of 2024. Third quarter adjusted operating expenses totaled $960 million, up 1% year-over-year on a pro forma basis. As a result of this strong performance, adjusted pro forma operating income increased by 12% versus the prior year, reaching a record $1.4 billion with adjusted earnings per share totaling a record $1.55.

Moving to the balance sheet. We reduced debt outstanding by approximately $600 million during the quarter, ending the period with adjusted leverage of approximately 3.5x EBITDA.

Before I move to our segment results, I will note a few guidance items. As we look to the fourth quarter, we expect OTC and other revenue to be in the range of $75 million to $80 million as the third quarter benefited from several items we do not anticipate will repeat. In addition, and similar to last year, in light of the strong performance in our cash equities business, where revenues are up 15% year-to-date, we are providing customers with a regulatory fee holiday, which we expect will reduce OTC and other revenues by $15 million to $20 million in the fourth quarter.

Shifting to expenses. We expect fourth quarter adjusted operating expenses to be in the range of $977 million to $987 million, including approximately $10 million to $15 million of items that we also do not expect will repeat. Lastly, full year CapEx is now expected to be in the range of $700 million to $740 million, largely driven by key data center investments originally planned for 2025. We expect these investments will yield expense efficiencies upon project completion in 2026.

Now let's move to Slide 5, where I'll provide an overview of the performance of our Exchange segment. Third quarter net revenues totaled a record $1.3 billion, up 12% year-over-year. Record transaction revenues of $890 million were up 17% driven by a 34% increase in our interest rate business and record energy revenues, which grew 23% year-over-year. This strong energy performance was on top of 42% growth in last year's third quarter and included a 16% increase in our oil complex, 24% growth in global natural gas revenues and 60% growth in our environmental business. In addition, towards the end of October, open interest is up 23% year-over-year, including 32% growth in global interest rates and 26% growth in our energy markets.

Shifting to recurring revenues, which include our Exchange data services and our NYC listings business, revenue totaled $364 million, which included a few million dollars related to auto recoveries. Underpinning growth in our recurring revenues was our broader Exchange data services, which was once again led by the continued expansion of our global energy and environmental network.

In our listings business, while less than half of global IPOs have met the standards to list so far in 2024, the NYSE has helped to raise $14 billion in new proceeds, welcoming 43 new operating companies, representing 7 of the top 10 IPOs and 8 of the top 10 performing IPOs year-to-date. In addition, NYSE continued its leadership on transfers welcoming 10 operating companies year-to-date.

Turning now to Slide 6. I'll discuss our Fixed Income and Data Services segment. Third quarter revenues totaled a record $586 million, including transaction revenues of $125 million. On a year-over-year basis, growth in munis, corporates, as well as CD clearing activity was offset by lower treasury trading at ICE bonds and slightly lower member interest revenues. Record recurring revenues totaled $461 million and grew by 6% year-over-year. In our Fixed Income, Data and Analytics business, revenues also increased by 6% year-over-year to a record $295 million driven by growth in pricing and reference data and nearly 30% growth in our index business, which benefited from both rising markets and fund flows into ETFs that track ICE indices. Importantly, ETF AUM tracking ICE indices ended the third quarter at a record [ $674 billion ].

Other data and network services revenues increased by 5% in the third quarter. Growth was driven by our ICE global network as recent data center investments have come online, growth in our consolidated feeds business and continued strength in our desktop solutions, driven in part by adoption of our energy desktop by both commercial customers and traders. These are just a few examples of investments we have made following our 2015 acquisition of IDC to continuously increase and enhance the content on our network as well as our underlying technology to drive growth.

Please flip to Slide 7, where I'll discuss our mortgage technology results. Third quarter revenues totaled $509 million. Recurring revenues totaled $387 million. While recurring revenues declined year-over-year, as expected, they stabilized relative to the second quarter driven by an improvement in data and analytics and offset by the semiannual removal of retired loans on our servicing platform as well as lower minimums on Encompass.

Similar to the last several quarters, while the majority of Encompass customers renewed at higher minimums, we also had customers renew at lower minimums. Importantly, lower minimums at renewal are also paired with a higher price per closed loan or transaction fee, a dynamic that will provide a more material tailwind to revenues as the origination market normalizes.

Transaction revenues totaled $122 million, up slightly year-over-year and relative to the second quarter driven by revenue related to Encompass closed loans and applications as well as an increase in MERS registrations.

Looking at the quarter, we expect total IMT revenues to be between $495 million and $505 million with the delta relative to the third quarter, largely driven by purchase market seasonality and related traction revenue. While mortgage origination volumes appear to have stabilized and seem likely to trend around these levels in the near term, we will continue to invest in developing new products, enhancing our technology and our existing product suite as well as expanding our network, all of which will further position our end-to-end platform to generate growth when market conditions normalize.

In summary, we delivered record third quarter results, including record revenues, operating income and adjusted EPS, building upon our record first half results and representing the best year-to-date performance in our company's history. As we look to the balance of the year, we remain focused on meeting the needs of our customers, continue to drive growth and creating value for our shareholders.

I'll be happy to take your questions during Q&A. But for now, I'll hand it over to Stuart.

[Stuart Williams, executive]

Thank you, Warren, and thank you all for joining us this morning. Please turn to Slide 8. For over 2 decades, we've worked closely with our customers to develop a network of diverse liquid and globally interconnected energy markets. This network provides the critical feedback loop required to solve near-term supply and demand imbalances and the long-term price signals needed to efficiently allocate capital investment to meet forward-looking demand.

Today, our customers across the globe leverage our markets to help balance the demands of energy security, affordability and sustainability while allocating the capital necessary to meet rising energy demands critical to economic growth and managing the risks associated with a complex geopolitical environment.

The breadth and depth of our global platform not only drove another record quarter across our energy complex, but importantly, it positions us to capture secular tailwinds, including the globalization of natural gas and the clean energy transition, trends we began investing in over a decade ago.

Through constant reinvention and innovation, Brent has firmly established itself as the global benchmark for crude oil, pricing roughly 3/4 of the world's internationally traded crude and from which prices are discovered in the U.S. Gulf Coast via ICE's Midland WTI futures market and in the Middle East and Asia via ICE's [ Murban ] and Dubai futures markets. Reflecting this dynamic, volume in our global oil complex increased 17% year-over-year. This strong performance includes records across Brent, WTI, Midland WTI and Murban and contributed to record oil revenues, which grew 16% in the quarter. These strong trends have continued into October with record total oil open interest up 28% and Brent options up 68 -- 86% year-over-year.

These critical pricing relationships extend to refined oil products, where ICE's low sulfur gas oil markets similarly anchors price discovery for refined products globally with markets such as ICE's heating oil futures and ICE Singapore gas oil, reflecting regional dynamics in the U.S. and Asia, respectively.

We continue to see strong growth across refined products with gas oil open interest up 63% year-over-year, supporting double-digit growth across the refined products complex, including growth in cleaner fuels such as ICE's global marine fuel and biofuel markets.

Today, cleaner energy sources, including global natural gas and environmental markets account for roughly 45% of our energy revenues, up from 1/3 a decade ago, and have grown 21% on average over the past 5 years, including 34% growth year-to-date. This strong performance has been a key contributor to the 13% average growth rate in our energy platform over that time frame, including 29% growth year-to-date.

The globalization of natural gas through liquefied natural gas or LNG has created virtual pipelines across oceans, removing the dependency on fixed pipeline infrastructure and storage. This, together with the ongoing liberalization of the natural gas market, and buyers increasingly favoring short-term contracts and spot market procurement, has put the more natural gas in motion over longer distances with a greater number of touch points along the value chain from production to consumption, creating a truly global commodity. Furthermore, given its abundance, lower emissions and lower switching costs, we expect natural gas to continue to benefit from increasing energy demand particularly in the developing world and the ongoing focus on decarbonization.

Since the year 2000, energy consumption in non-OECD countries has more than doubled with much of this growth coming in the form of coal. Last year, global coal consumption hit an all-time high, primarily supported by Asia, where coal still accounts for nearly 50% of the region's energy supply. According to statistics published by the Energy Institute, the coal switching opportunity in Asia alone represents more energy than the total energy consumption in North America across all primary energy sources. In addition, the power demands of accelerating innovation, including artificial intelligence, are expected to require significant new generation capacity boosting demand for natural gas. These factors have caused markets across Europe, Asia and North America to become increasingly interconnected, accelerating demand for deep, liquid and global risk management tools.

This evolution has driven the development of new trading relationships as illustrated by record participation in our natural gas portfolio in the third quarter. This has been accompanied by volume and revenue growth with each growing double digits on average over the past 5 years, including 34% and 32% growth year-to-date, respectively. In addition, open interest trends remained strong through October, up 27% year-over-year, including a 51% increase in our TTF complex, a 53% increase in our Asian JKM market and a 24% increase in our North American gas business.

As the Brents of natural gas, our total transfer facility benchmark or TTF, continues to be relied upon by an increasing number of market participants with market participation growing 15% on average over the past 5 years. In the third quarter, volumes in our TTF complex increased 16% year-over-year driving revenue growth of 19% versus 2023.

In Asia, underpinned by surging economic growth and a focus towards cleaner forms of energy, our Japan and Korea market, or JKM, continues to reach important milestones, setting records across key liquidity indicators in the third quarter, including participation, volume and open interest. Importantly, the extent to which -- gas markets are interconnected was once again reinforced by JKM execution patterns with over 60% of JKM volumes executed via the JKM TTF spread.

In North America, market participants seeking to manage exposure to U.S. natural gas pricing dynamics continue to gravitate towards ICE's Henry Hub contracts for the liquidity ICE offers in longer-dated tenants, along with the linkage to our exclusive regional basis markets which spans 70 trading hubs across North America. In the third quarter, volume in our North American gas complex increased 39% year-over-year.

Finally, with Canada expected to significantly ramp up its LNG export capacity from 2025, increased exports from the West Coast of North America to Asia should add a further dimension to the supply equation. ICE's Calgary-based Natural Gas Exchange, or ICE NGX, has operated in the Alberta natural gas and electricity futures market for 30 years, developing the AECO Hub into one of North America's most liquid spot and forward energy markets.

ICE offers liquid markets in TTF, JKM, Henry Hub and the North American basis markets such as AECO, offering a broad range of natural gas benchmarks with trading hubs across Europe, Asia and North America.

As the global landscape of LNG exports, geopolitical forces and shift towards cleaner energy all continue to evolve, we see these dynamics continuing to favor our growing global gas complex well into the future.

As policy discussions on how best to deliver global sustainability objectives continue to evolve, our liquid and transparent environmental markets, first launched almost 2 decades ago, continue to see growth, providing transparent, market-based pricing for both positive and negative externalities. Here, we have seen the number of active market participants grow double digits on average over the past 5 years, including record participation in the third quarter, up 14% year-over-year. At the same time, our North American environmental complex reached record volumes in the quarter, increasing 70% versus prior year.

While volumes in our European emission allowance futures and options increased 45%, this strong performance has contributed to the 49% growth in our environmental revenues year-to-date including 60% growth in the third quarter.

In summary, as the confluence of increasing energy demand, evolving supply chains and the energy transition continues to introduce new complexities, uncertainties and volatility into energy markets, our global environmental markets, alongside our global gas, oil, coal and power markets, provide the critical price transparency and risk management tools that will enable participants to navigate this multilayered and nonlinear transition.

Before I hand over to Jeff, I wanted to briefly touch on our interest rate markets, which hit record volume during the quarter, increasing 50% year-over-year. A mixed inflation picture, low unemployment, weaker economic data and ongoing geopolitical uncertainty continue to drive demand for interest rate risk management. ICE's liquid multicurrency, short-term interest rate complex includes the key benchmark Euribor, Sonia and [ Saran ] markets used to manage short-term interest rate risk in euros, pound sterling and Swiss francs, respectively.

As the benchmark for managing short-term euro interest rate risk, ICE's Euribor volume increased 47% year-over-year in the third quarter with open interest up 15% in October. The latest addition to ICE's multicurrency -- complex, the euro short-term rate, or ESTER, continues to break records across all liquidity metrics, including open interest hitting a record 681,000 contracts during October. ICE Sonia market, the benchmark for managing U.K. interest rate risk traded a record 14 million contracts in September, contributing to a 53% growth year-to-date. Trends towards the end of October remained robust with open interest up 71%.

ICE also hosts the Gilt futures market, the benchmark for the U.K. government bond yield curve, where volume is up 30% year-to-date, including 42% growth in the third quarter with open interest up 92% year-over-year.

The disparity between the expected relative parts for the Central Banks has been a consistence theme over the last year. This has been beneficial for our rates franchise, both in terms of volume and open interest and looks set to continue as our customers rely on the deep liquidity and capital efficiencies at ICE.

With that, I'll hand it over to Jeff.

[Jeffrey Sprecher, executive]

Thank you, Stuart. Please now turn to Slide 9. Operating marketplaces with strong network effects is a core expertise at ICE. Today, we do so across an array of asset classes, geographies and customer types.

In the U.S. home mortgage market, we're following the proven playbook that we've applied across other asset classes. We're leveraging leading technology, mission-critical data and our network expertise to build innovative solutions that improve workflow efficiencies and connect market participants to one another. With a touch point to nearly every market participant in the U.S. mortgage space, we have connectivity to a customer base in need of the automation that our digital network provides for.

September marked our 1-year anniversary since we closed on the acquisition of Black Knight. So I thought it would be appropriate to give you an update on how this company and its technologies have been integrated into our network. By adding Black Knight's servicing technology, with its over 100 servicing clients and robust data and analytics to our network, ICE assembled a true life-of-loan offering that spans from the point of consumer acquisition all the way through to the secondary capital markets. We organized once disparate assets into a unified network that communicates seamlessly from end to end.

The construction of a mortgage can begin with our industry-leading customer engagement suite. We brought together Ellie Mae's Velocify and Consumer Connect platforms, and married them to Black Knight's marketing automation solution called SureFire, tying together the pieces required for a complete customer engagement suite. SureFire leverages data to create effective marketing campaigns, nurtures them to the mortgage application and educates and informs borrowers throughout the funding process. Additionally, this platform provides direct channel outreach after the loan closing to help capture repeat business.

Velocify is a sales automation solution that enables loan officers to capture missed opportunities and communicate with borrowers to close loans faster. And Consumer Connect provides a state-of-the-art digital mortgage experience to the consumer for the home buying process. We've unified these systems, which now seamlessly operate as one to feed the Encompass loan underwriting platform.

With Encompass, we successfully added a browser-based run-in or loan underwriting and integrated new automation tools. And we added more ways to partner and extend the platform by increasing network APIs. Lenders can take advantage of products that are integrated via our partner network while partners are able to build and release distributed products just one time. And once [ released ], lenders can use a partner product across all of ICE Mortgage Technologies, lender-facing applications. In addition, we connected data assets from Black Knight, including property tax, flood and closing fee information into Encompass.

We also moved [ All Regs ], our market-leading rule for compliance-related information into the ICE Cloud, and we deeply integrated it into Encompass. We enhanced this offering by incorporating a generative AI model so that natural language inquiries generate loan program information and guideline summaries from the most comprehensive compliance library available in the industry, covering nearly 1 million pages.

We previously mentioned that we took a product formally called AIQ, extended its capabilities to further automate data extraction and integrated it into Encompass. This product, now known as ICE Data and Document Automation, or DDA, captures the information provided by a borrower. Whether a document was shared by a portal, e-mail, fax or scan, DDA normalizes it, standardizes its naming and puts everything in the correct order. This creates consistency, uniformity and efficiency.

A team of about 200 of our technologists have further expanded the capabilities of DDA by building sophisticated income and credit analyzers to deploy one of the most important new technologies to be offered in the U.S. mortgage space. These sophisticated analyzers transform formerly manual operations into automated exception-based workflows. Key steps in the underwriting process are accelerated, including investigation to determine the creditworthiness of a wide range of borrowers for GSE guaranteed loan eligibility or for HUDs affordable loan program, or a given metropolitan statistical area. This comes at a time when prospective homebuyers are facing the most daunting affordability challenges in 4 decades and at a time when many borrowers have nontraditional income streams that don't neatly fit on a Form W-2. These new analyzers drive greater operational efficiency to help lower mortgage origination costs for lenders and ultimately, borrowers.

We continue to invest in our product and pricing engine by providing additional options to lenders, servicers and their funding partners. We've connected our network directly to Fannie, Freddie and Ginnie Mae for seamless pricing inquiries. As a result, we went live with 32 new price engine clients this year accompanied by a strong pipeline of 19 others that are currently in the implementation phase.

We also deployed our team to bring Black Knight's loan servicing onto our network, recently announcing the integration of Encompass underwriting system with the MSP servicing system with documents now moving straight from origination through to servicing. Taking it a step further, we also incorporated DDA into MSP so that servicers can quickly identify any critical information that may be missing from a loan file as the documents progress. And we cemented this integration milestone with the signing of JPMorgan Chase to also utilize this platform for their servicing business.

We continue to enhance the MSP loan servicing technology since our acquisition of Black Knight by investing in a new user interface called MSP DX. This interface monetizes access and control of the legacy loan servicing platform and streamlines key tasks across loan onboarding, investor reporting and customer service. It allows users to seamlessly retrieve data and evoke servicing actions through a conversational user interface. And with its expanded capability, facilitates loan triage providing users with an efficient view of relevant information when working on loan exceptions. We've also further automated the credit dispute processes to help mortgage servicers meet their 30-day reporting obligations under the Fair Credit Reporting Act.

Our expertise at digitization has led to continued innovation for the secondary market for home mortgages. In the third quarter, we went live with our MBS mortality indicator, which leverages data sets across ICE Mortgage Technology and ICE Data Services to produce daily trading signals for agency, residential MBS pools. We believe these signals are significantly more accurate at predicting near-term prepayments than the legacy products in the market.

In summary, we've assembled and expanded a leading customer engagement suite, underwriting tools, pricing systems, closing tools, registration tools, servicing systems and the resulting data and integrated them into ICE's network for the U.S. mortgage industry. ICE brings together the key industry stakeholders from origination to final settlement in a single network ecosystem. That's roughly 85% of all U.S. home mortgages connected to more than 3,000 lenders, 48,000 settlement agents and closing attorneys, 2,500 county governments, the GSEs, 80,000 notaries, 100 loan servicing companies, 1,000 mortgage-backed security investment firms and thousands of third-party data and service providers who can now communicate with one another via a common data standard on a robust network operated under ISIS cyber overlay.

We believe that we've created a platform where every new participant who joins this network makes the platform increasingly more valuable to its other users. Essentially, we've moved ICE from selling software to offering a growing network for the management of the home mortgage life cycle.

Throughout this journey, and consistent with our approach across other asset classes, we remain focused on executing on our strategy of relieving pain points across the mortgage workflow while investing ahead of secular growth to enhance the value proposition of our network.

Turning now to Slide 10. Since our founding, ICE has operated with a strategy to build tools and markets for institutions and consumers which operate in the white space of the inefficiencies of legacy markets. We seek to do so in a manner that enables us to grow our earnings in all economic conditions so that ICE is truly an all-weather growth story.

Our record third quarter following up on our unsurpassed first half results are a testament to the execution of this strategy, the business model that we've intentionally built and the value of our strategic capital allocation. It's how we've grown our adjusted earnings per share every year that we've been a public company.

And finally, I'd like to retell you that a decade ago, I sought to expand in the global financial markets by merging LIFE, the London International Financial Futures Exchange, with our London-based commodity exchange and clearinghouse in order to create a global risk management powerhouse. With great respect, I'd like to end my prepared remarks by acknowledging the contributions of Sir [ Brian Williamson and Hugh Friberg ], who built, saved and nurtured that LIFE exchange. This world recently lost both gentlemen. And I hope that as they look down upon us, they regard my colleagues and I as worthy stewards of their vision. And I hope they smile along with us at our record interest rate derivative activity in the third quarter, up 50% year-over-year.

Let me now turn the call back to our moderator, Lydia, and we'll conduct a question-and-answer session until 9:30 Eastern Time.

[Operator]

[Operator Instructions] Our first question today comes from Alex Kramm with UBS.

[Alex Kramm, analyst]

I'm going to start with an unanswerable question, I think, as I think about the energy business as we think about the end of the year and into 2025. Obviously, a lot of detail here in terms of the structural opportunities and clearly, that's reflected in the open interest. We've seen in, obviously, volumes this year, too. But look, clearly, it's been a solid environment as well from a trading perspective, in particular, in the fourth quarter with some of the volatility we've seen from the Middle East. So clearly, there's been some beta help you as well. So I'm just wondering, I know it's very difficult, if you can separate the alpha and the beta a little bit and how you think about that heading into 2025, what's repeatable and where are you a little bit worried that the trading environment may not be as good? I know it's a lengthy question.

[Jeffrey Sprecher, executive]

Alex, this is Jeff. And since that's an unanswerable question, let's put the new guy on it and ask Stuart, if he can handle it. .

[Stuart Williams, executive]

Thanks, Jeff, and thanks, Alex, for the question. It is a great question. Best way to think about this, and I think you picked up on a really important point there, Alex, when you referenced open interest. So as unanswerable as it might be, open interest is always a good indicator of future volume because this is -- these are positions being placed by real market participants. And those positions will need to be managed in the future as markets evolve.

But the other way we think about this is that there is a linkage between the geopolitical events, which you referenced in your question, which do create short-term volatility, but which also creates often new supply chains, which then will leverage other parts of that matrix product setup that we've got, which spans energy types and geography and the environmental markets.

So just giving you an example of that. One of the things we saw after Europe's efforts to remove Russian hydrocarbons from its supply chain, we saw new supply routes coming from the Middle East up into Europe, which we've never foreseen when we first set up ICE futures Abu Dhabi, but that's what happened. And so what we find is a lot of these geopolitical events create different slide chain opportunities, which continue to drive growth in different parts of our energy markets.

The focus that we've had over the last 20 years though has been to create that network of markets that provides a pricing point at each geography, energy type and environmental touch points so that whatever happens, whether it's geopolitical, whether it's supply chain changes, however the market evolves, we have the opportunity to provide that tool to our customers and can benefit off the back of that.

The other point I would make, just in closing the answer, is we're very clearly at an inflection point where the growth we've seen over the last 20 years in absolute energy consumption is set to continue. About 80% of the world's population lives in non-OECD countries which, on average, on a per capita basis, only uses 1/3 of the energy of the equivalent people living in OECD countries. Put differently, energy consumption will double over the next 25 years according to many economists. And a lot of that is going to be in places in the developing world where contracts like JKM and TTF and Brent and Dubai and Murban are critical in managing price risk around those areas. So we feel pretty good about the opportunity ahead of us. But as you say, it's pretty difficult to quantify that.

[Operator]

Our next question comes from Craig Siegenthaler with Bank of America.

[Craig Siegenthaler, analyst]

We had a question on the new partnership between ICE bonds and Market Access. So how will this partnership enhance your liquidity pool and client value proposition? And will we see it translate into stronger market share trends?

If I could just squeeze one more in. Could this lead down the road to a closer relationship with [ MarketAxess ] ranging from a full acquisition or strategic minority equity investment?

[Christopher Edmonds, executive]

Craig, it's Chris Edmonds. Thanks for the question. Probably we'll -- the second when you asked. But look, the partnership with Market Access, it really gives us an opportunity where we have a very unique client base that is different than the Market Access traditional client base. But there are different pools of liquidity because of what they represent. And so this gives -- this combination gives us the ability for all of our clients to make sure they have access to the liquidity they're looking for.

It's still early days, but it has gone very well for both of us. We're both happy with it. I spoke with him yesterday. Things continue to progress in a positive way there. And we will look to add other instruments along the way as the market continues to evolve into the future. But like I said, I'll probably avoid the last question you asked there.

[Operator]

Our next question comes from Ben Budish with Barclays.

[Benjamin Budish, analyst]

I just wanted to dig in a little deeper to the fourth quarter IMT guidance. It looks like, at least I know you tend to be a little bit more conservative than the MBA forecast, but they show sort of an expected pick up between refis and purchases together. So just curious if you could kind of comment on that.

And then maybe could you perhaps remind us, how should we be thinking about your overall sensitivity to pickup in transactions given there's a minimum component? Like how would you describe the current level of activity? Are most of your customers below that minimum level such that incremental transactions don't add as much? Like how should we sort of be thinking about that in Q4 and into next year?

[Warren Gardiner, executive]

Yes, Ben, it's a good question. And thank you for it. So in terms of the first part of that question. So the fourth quarter guidance, as I said, it does assume some -- a slower purchase market. And when we see that in every fourth quarter, generally speaking, that trends off and that change happens in the first quarter as well for what it's worth just the weather, frankly, at the end of the day and to people looking at houses and buying houses. So that's a typical pattern that we see.

I think in terms of how that compares to what the MBA may be expecting, I don't know that, that has really captured the sharper, higher in interest rates and mortgage rates over the last few weeks. So there may be a little bit more of an aggressive assumption on what refinancing may be looking like in that particular period. And so we base -- what we're looking at is really what we're seeing on the application front and we're seeing on the closed loan front in terms of what we can see in the next quarter or so. So I think it's a pretty good guide in terms of what one would expect for the quarter given where we're a month through here and it generally takes sort of 30, 60 days to close a loan. So those application volumes can be pretty indicative of what this quarter will look like.

On your second question, yes, look, we still have a significant portion of the customers that are under their minimums today. But each quarter, that's getting better. And in fact, the third quarter was the best in 2 years or so, over 2 years, and that's been steadily improving throughout this year. So not only does it improving loan market help that, but so does the fact that we have actually been renewing some of these customers towards lower minimums as well and so the bar, if you will, is a little bit lower.

And so we've seen that transaction getting better the last few quarters, albeit still small and customers are crossing over their minimums with that being a big reason why it's improving. But we are -- that is a big reason why we are actually outperforming in terms of our transaction revenue relative to the market is some of those customers crossing over that minimum, not paying transaction fees in the prior period and now paying transaction fees. And I think as that market normalizes, you're going to see that continue.

[Operator]

Our next question comes from Dan Fannon with Jefferies.

[Daniel Fannon, analyst]

So Warren, another question for you, just expenses. Curious about the step-up into 4Q, kind of what's driving that. And then I know it's early, but thinking about the building blocks for '25, if you can kind of give us the framework, I think about maybe versus previous years.

And also in the cost of the mortgage business, if we do see a pickup in activity, the incremental margin of that business as we think about volumes starting to pick up more materially with rates changing as we go into next year.

[Warren Gardiner, executive]

Thanks, Dan. Good question. So as I noted, in terms of the fourth quarter, there's about $10 million to $15 million of onetime expenses that you'll want to take out of that in terms of thinking about a core run rate. Those one-times were several items really across different areas of the business unrelated that kind of hail towards -- we incurred, if you will, or realize we were going to incur towards the end of this quarter.

So I think if you take that, you're probably down to 9 70 or so versus the 9 60 we had this quarter. And the difference there is going to be on the SG&A side. To a degree, we did have a little bit lower marketing and consumer acquisition costs in the third quarter that should pick up a bit in the fourth quarter, a little bit higher professional services fees as well that will come in next quarter -- or in the fourth quarter, I should say.

So I think as you're thinking about next year, the 9 70, that's probably a good jumping off point. And to annualize that, of course, and then think about a similar framework that we've used in the past. We're going to invest in our people, we'll invest in the business, the technology and continue to do that as you've seen us do in the last number of years. So I think it's -- that will be a fair way to be thinking about it as we move into next year. We'll, of course, give you more granular guidance when we get there.

On your second question on the incremental margins, you're 100% right. As the transaction backdrop improves and the market backdrop improves for loan originations, those are somewhat similar, if not entirely similar to what you would expect and see in our futures business or the New York Stock Exchange, where the transaction revenues have pretty high incremental margins on them. So that will certainly be a benefit to the segment margin and to the overall margin as that loan market normalizes.

[Operator]

Our next question comes from Chris Allen with Citi.

[Christopher Allen, analyst]

I wanted to circle back a little bit on energy. Kind of curious where you see pockets of opportunity from a customer perspective, whether it's customers overseas or the U.S. benchmarks or natural gas moving into the crude markets?

And then I also wanted to ask about the sustainable aviation fuel market. There's been reports about energy majors investing in Brazil. And just given ICE's positioning in sugar and energy, it seems like a great opportunity. So wondering how you think about that from a market development opportunity set?

[Stuart Williams, executive]

This is Stuart here. Thank you for the question. Starting with your question on the customer base, we're seeing -- as you heard in my prepared remarks, we're seeing a significant increase and continued growth in our customer base. The participation in our markets, that's really 2 factors. We're seeing net new participants coming into our marketplace, particularly out in Asia as hedging strategies continue to mature out there. But we're also seeing participants pivot from markets they've been active in historically into new markets. So for example, people that have historically been trading a lot of Henry Hub on our very regular in our TTF market and getting involved there.

In terms of how that mix evolves, more and more customers are having global exposures. One of the side effects of the globalization of gas is that gas players globally and particularly, in the U.S. now that the U.S. is a major export of LNG, need to be cognizant of and have risks to manage in respect of prices, not just in the U.S., but globally. So we've got a lot of global producers in the U.S. that are now looking at both TTF numbers as well as Henry Hub numbers. And indeed some of our basis numbers to figure out whether it's best to pipe that gas internally to -- whether it's for data center usage or other power usage in the U.S. or to export that in the form of LNG to whether it's Europe or Asia. So we're seeing a lot of our U.S. participants now actively trading and holding positions in markets like TTF and JKM.

I think the other trend, just pivoting quickly to oil, which has been very interesting. You'll recall that a few years ago, we set up a new market in the U.S. Gulf Coast to better reflect the export price of Permian WTI coming out of the U.S. Gulf Coast. And again, as the U.S. continues to export more and more Permian grade WTI, and as that grade is now linked into Brent, we're seeing a lot more physical participants in the U.S. Permian producers using our numbers to price their exports out of the U.S. Gulf Coast. You might have seen just this last week, the shale producer Continental Resources announced that it was switching its Permian pricing to ICE's HOU contract, which is replacing a differential to WTI Cushing. So that's all pointing in a direction at the increased participation.

Just pivoting then to your second question around sustainable aviation fuel or SAF, it is definitely a market we're looking at. What I referenced in my prepared remarks around our biofuels markets, which ICE is very active in, we're seeing strong growth there. So that will be the area that SAF plays into. And as again, you alluded to, we're seeing increasing correlation between the sugar markets and the energy markets as a decent chunk of that sugar supply ends up in energy. So you're quite right. This is an opportunity. It's early days in the SAF market. The market structure is still evolving in that space. But we continue to monitor that as time goes on.

[Operator]

Our next question comes from Alex Blostein with Goldman Sachs.

[Alexander Blostein, analyst]

Jeff, a little bit of a maybe bigger picture mortgage question for you guys. Obviously, you talked a lot about the progress you're making in sort of integrating various parts of the mortgage network. It's always been an important part of the thesis for you guys. Lots of work behind the themes, sorry, despite the fact that the environment obviously hasn't been particularly helpful here. So when do you expect all these efforts to show up in better revenue growth? So in other words, do we need to see a much better, broader industry volumes to sort of kind of like beta help? Or do you think some of these things could actually show up in better revenue trajectory into 2025 regardless of what industry volumes look like?

[Jeffrey Sprecher, executive]

That's a good question. I tried to make a point in my prepared remarks that we really have moved to operating a network. And I made the point that every new market participant that joins the network makes the network more valuable to all the existing participants. And so that phenomenon is not really volume related. It's really helping others take costs out. And our expectation is that as we help reduce the cost of underwriting and placing a mortgage into the capital markets that we'll participate in some of that benefit.

Separately, Warren talks a lot about normalizing transaction volumes. And when you look at that, you can simply look over a decade before the COVID crisis or even back to year 2022, and you can see volumes that had they run through our platform, would have contributed substantially to both the top and bottom line.

So we do feel like there will be a mean reversion that we'll get to transactions. Obviously, it's hard to predict. But in the meantime, we're going to just keep driving that efficiency through the network.

[Operator]

The next question comes from Simon Clinch with Redburn Atlantic.

[Simon Alistair Clinch, analyst]

I wanted to actually ask a longer-term question just about the environmental markets, please. Perhaps you could -- could you frame the growth that we're seeing in terms of what the stages we're in, in terms of the emissions coverage of the schemes such as the European ETFs? And then ultimately, how to think about the cadence of that growth as we move through the next 5 years? And then in the very long term, what -- how do we think about that market opportunity or that market existing and the point that we eventually get to net zero?

[Stuart Williams, executive]

Thanks, Simon. Good question. The -- I think the way we're thinking about this from a macro perspective, and I'll drill down into your specific question on the European ETFs. Carbon pricing, our view, as market operators, is that carbon pricing is going to be the most effective way to help channel investments that are needed in order to drive the complete reduction of carbon. And we've seen this very effectively play out in the U.K. as the U.K. drove coal out of its merit order using carbon pricing. The European Union on a similar kind of trajectory.

So what we're seeing over the last couple of years is the dialogue around the importance of pricing carbon and more broadly environmental externalities is evolving. More governments, more policymakers are engaging with the subject and seeing the benefits of cap-and-trade systems, which have been so successful in Europe and the U.K. and also in certain areas of the U.S. And so we are seeing more discussions around more coverage of carbon markets.

And then within existing carbon markets, touching on your question on the European ETFs, we're seeing the broadening of the coverage of those carbon markets. So only about 40% of the European emissions was covered under the EU ETS. That is now being extended to 80% as the ETS extends to other parts of the industry like shipping and that sort of thing. So the underlying market, if you like, is expanding, which is also driving additional volume there.

And then, of course, the other nascent market in the space, if you think of the compliance markets as the one end of the spectrum, on the other end, the so-called voluntary carbon markets, or the carbon credit markets is another area where we continue to see discussions. Market structure there, again, is still very nascent. But what we've been working on in the meantime is putting in place a number of the building blocks that will be required at markets to scale if it is ever going to scale, things like reference data.

So we've got a product called ICE Cred, which normalizes and standardize all of the reference data that's available across the carbon credit landscape. That reference data is now available in ICE checks where we're seeing a lot of the transaction activity, really OTC bilateral trading activity of carbon credits, referencing that reference data. And we've also got a futures -- a number of futures contracts, including the core futures contract, which we launched recently, which is really the credit market used by the aviation industry.

So again, that's the second part of the market, which is much less mature, but we are seeing increasing interest as participants start to engage with our reference data and the nice chat transactions on that front.

[Operator]

Our next question comes from Ken Worthington with JPMorgan.

[Kenneth Worthington, analyst]

Stuart, more for you, trial by fire. If we think about the globalization of gas driving your TTF and JKM contracts, we're seeing the growth of TTF far exceed the LNG capacity that has come online in recent years. There's some sort of multiplier or maybe it's speculators following hedgers. So how do you think about this relationship between molecules in motion, the need to hedge and what ends up ultimately is, I guess, I'll call it, normalized volume? And if LNG capacity is going to double over the next 3 years, what is reasonable to expect for this LNG relationship with TTF and JKM, which you called out as sort of a nonlinear relationship?

[Stuart Williams, executive]

Yes. Thanks for the question, Ken. I think the other dynamic to keep in mind when you're thinking about the volume on a futures contract versus the underlying market is the length of the curve. So we've got liquid pricing in TTF now going out 10 years. And so that's 10 years' worth of supply is the thing you need to be thinking about as you think about the hedging volumes on the exchange.

But look, it's -- the thing that we -- the dynamic we're seeing is, as you said in your question, the demand for LNG is growing significantly, and we see that as being a significant part of both the Asian growth story, but also the Asian move to cleaner energies. So there's no question in our mind that LNG supply is going to need to increase significantly.

The other dynamic here is because there is more liquid pricing in the marketplace, looking at the likes of TTF and JKM, more and more buyers and sellers referencing TTF and JKM in the physical contracts. And so what that means is you're seeing less fixed price and more indexed transactions in the physical market, which provides the optionality not just of taking LNG from point of production to point of demand, but also you can, as you see in the oil market, have shifts on route changing direction because [ arbs ] have opened up.

So what we're seeing in the gas market as part of this globalization story is a real modernization of the market structure where physical molecules are going to the best price. And as those prices evolve with greater transparency, those physical movements move with them. So net-net, what that means is there are more participants needing to hedge more molecules along more supply chain routes and we see that overall growing. And then again, to my earlier comments, liquidity down the curve is getting really strong. So we're seeing longer-dated hedging coming into the TTF contract as well.

[Operator]

We're out of time for further questions. So I'll now hand you back to Jeff Sprecher, Chair and CEO, for any closing comments.

[Jeffrey Sprecher, executive]

Well, thank you, Lydia, and thank you all for joining us this morning. We look forward to updating you again soon as we continue to innovate for our customers and continue our momentum to drive growth with an all-weather business model. And I hope that today you avoid the witches and zombies and have a safe Halloween.

[Operator]

This concludes our call. Thank you for joining. You may now disconnect your lines.