NMI Holdings Inc

NASDAQ:NMIH

Earnings Call Transcript 2020-Q2

[Operator]

Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by. And welcome to the NMI Holdings, Inc. Second Quarter 2020 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] I would now like to turn the call over to Mr. John Swenson. Please go ahead, sir.

[John Swenson, executive]

Thank you, Corey. Good afternoon, and welcome to the 2020 Second Quarter Conference Call for National MI. I'm John Swenson, Vice President of Investor Relations and Treasury. Joining us on the call today are Brad Shuster, Executive Chairman; Claudia Merkle, CEO; Adam Pollitzer, our Chief Financial Officer; and Julie Norberg, our Controller.

Financial results for the quarter were released after the close today. The press release may be accessed on NMI's website located at www.nationalmi.com under the Investors tab.

During the course of this call, we may make comments about our expectations for the future. Actual results could differ materially from those contained in these forward-looking statements. Additional information about the factors that could cause actual results or trends to differ materially from those discussed on the call can be found on our website or through our regulatory filings with the SEC. If and to the extent the company makes forward-looking statements, we do not undertake any obligation to update those statements in the future in light of subsequent developments. Further, no one should rely on the fact that the guidance of such statements is current at any time other than the time of this call.

Also note that on this call, we refer to certain non-GAAP measures. In today's press release and on our website, we've provided a reconciliation of these measures to the most comparable measures under GAAP.

Now I'll turn the call over to Brad.

[Bradley Shuster, executive]

Thank you, John, and good afternoon, everyone. On today's call, we'll review our second quarter results and share an update on how the COVID crisis is impacting our business performance and financial position as well as the broader housing and mortgage insurance markets. We are now 5 months into this pandemic. And while we had hoped to see a rapid containment of the virus and quick rebound in economic activity, we planned from the start for a more protracted downturn and uncertain recovery. We built National MI to be a credible and sustainable counterparty through all market cycles. From day 1, we focused on building a durable franchise in a risk responsible manner. We have worked hard to establish a comprehensive credit risk management framework and in doing so, we have built the highest quality insured portfolio in the mortgage insurance industry.

Well before this crisis emerged, we were using individual risk underwriting and granular Rate GPS pricing to target a higher quality mix of business and had sourced and secured comprehensive reinsurance protection on our in-force portfolio. Alongside our credit risk management efforts, we've built a strong balance sheet foundation. We have been conservative in our investment portfolio and worked hard to establish a robust liquidity position. We have flexible access across a broad range of capital and reinsurance markets and a significant regulatory funding cushion.

Over the last 2 months, we have taken steps to further strengthen this foundation, raising nearly $1 billion of debt, equity and ILN capital and securing additional reinsurance protection against adverse development in our insured portfolio. Our ability to raise so much capital in such a short period of time across multiple markets is a direct function of the strength and durability of the National MI franchise. Our broadly conservative stance heading into the crisis and the recent success we've had -- we've achieved in the capital and reinsurance markets positions us to continue supporting our lenders, their borrowers and the overall housing market through the COVID crisis and to fully capitalize on a significant new business opportunity that has now emerged.

We are encouraged by the resiliency we see in the housing market. Demand is robust. Cost prices continue to show strength nationally and record low interest rates are giving more Americans a chance to access homeownership at a time when it's most critical.

Policy efforts are also playing an important and stabilizing role. We fully endorsed the various forbearance, foreclosure moratorium and other assistance programs designed to help bridge borrowers past this point of acute stress, and ensure they are able to remain in their homes and resume their lives with limited interruption once the crisis has passed.

Homeownership is essential, more so today than ever before. People need shelter in order to shelter in place and allowing borrowers, who through no fault of their own, are facing real strain to stay in their homes and avoid foreclosure is the right social policy. It will also help speed the ultimate pace of economic recovery. We encourage policymakers to maintain their focus and offer continued support as needed to carry homeowners through this crisis.

In late June, the FHFA and GSEs updated PMIERs and clarified that loans subject to a COVID-related forbearance program will benefit from a permanent risk-based haircut for the duration of the forbearance and subsequent repayment plan or trial modification periods. We were pleased with the update and the FHFA and GSEs recognition of the unique nature of this crisis. This change enhances the mortgage insurance industry's ability to support existing borrowers through the duration of this stress and to continue serving new borrowers at a point of increased need.

With that, let me turn it over to Claudia.

[Claudia Merkle, executive]

Thank you, Brad. I continue to be pleased with the performance of our team and our business through the COVID crisis. From the start, we have taken steps to protect the health and safety of our employees and ensure our continued ability to seamlessly support our lenders and their borrowers. We also took immediate action to increase our risk-based pricing and enhance our underwriting guidelines in response to the heightened market uncertainty and bolstered our capital profile and reinsurance program to solidify our already strong funding and risk positions.

GAAP net income for the quarter was $26.8 million or $0.36 per diluted share, and adjusted net income was $29.7 million or $0.40 per diluted share. GAAP return on equity was 9.6% for the quarter, and adjusted ROE was 10.7%. We generated record second quarter NIW of $13.1 billion, up 16% from the first quarter and 8% compared to the second quarter of 2019. We have started the third quarter even stronger, writing nearly $6 billion of NIW volume in July.

The new business environment is exceptionally strong. The COVID crisis is driving a shift in behavior and fueling what we expect to be a sustained increase in purchase demand. People are moving out of more densely populated urban areas in favor of suburban communities where social distancing is more easily achieved. Shelter-in-place directives are reinforcing the importance of the home and driving increased interest from first-time homebuyers. Record low rates are added fuel, increasing affordability and drawing additional buyers to the market. This record demand is meaningfully outpacing supply and driving continued house price appreciation and broad resiliency in the housing market despite the overall macro dislocation caused by the COVID crisis.

Our volume is at record levels, and we have a robust forward pipeline. We are seeing a tremendous upswing in new business demand, while pricing remains strong and the risk profile of our new production is the best we've ever seen. Lenders are turning to us with an increasing need and an increasing speed to help them support borrowers through the duration of this stress and manage their record origination volume.

In the second quarter, we activated 25 new lenders. We are now doing business with a broadly diverse group of over 1,100 high-quality originators. Our sales team is signing up new accounts and deepening our penetration, all while operating on a fully remote basis. We see a real opportunity to help our lenders and their borrowers at a time when they need us most and in turn, to increase our reach in the market.

We built our company to perform across all cycles. And everything we have done to establish a durable and profitable franchise, recruiting and retaining great talent, establishing the right culture, engaging with customers in a consultative way and managing risk, expenses and capital has positioned us to lead through this stress. The strength of our position coming into this crisis has allowed us to remain fully customer-focused throughout. We have been consistent with our sales message, our price delivery through Rate GPS and our underwriting response times and operational readiness.

We are delivering in a business as usual way, and this stands out as a notable positive to customers amidst the backdrop of broad uncertainty and a changing environment. The breadth and scale of our recent capital and reinsurance efforts reinforces this view. Customers see the success we've achieved as a strong indicator about our discipline, consistency and future capabilities. In the current environment, this success sends a powerful message and is helping us to accelerate the continued development of our customer franchise.

We have talked at length on our recent calls about the digital evolution of the mortgage landscape and the advantages that our modern, scalable IT platform provides. At the end of March, we entered into a long-term IT services arrangement with Tata Consultancy Services. TCS is a leading global IT provider with deep experience in the mortgage market. Under our agreement, we are consolidating a range of IT functions that we had previously managed across our internal team and a number of third-party vendors with a single partner. We expect that our agreement with TCS will further solidify our IT lead, while at the same time, allow us to achieve meaningful expense savings over the duration of the contract.

We estimate that we will save $100 million over the next 7 years, and that we will achieve these savings while delivering an even more enhanced IT experience for our internal and external users.

Before turning it over to Adam, I want to know how proud I am that for the fifth consecutive year, National MI has been recognized as a Great Place to Work. Great Place to Work is a global authority on workplace culture, employee experience and leadership and partners with Fortune magazine to produce the annual Fortune 100 best companies to work for list. We believe that the quality of our team and the culture that we've established are key competitive advantages, and it is gratifying to again be recognized for these strengths.

With that, I'll turn it over to Adam.

[Adam Pollitzer, executive]

Thank you, Claudia. We delivered strong financial results in the second quarter in the face of unprecedented macro dislocation. We generated $13.1 billion of NIW in the quarter and reported primary insurance-in-force of $98.9 billion at June 30. Net premiums earned for the quarter were $98.9 million. Adjusted net income was $29.7 million or $0.40 per diluted share and adjusted return on equity was 10.7%. Total NIW of $13.1 billion included $11.9 billion of monthly production. Refinancing originations represented 41% of our volume in the quarter, up from 29% in the first quarter. Our mix of refinancing volume declined to 30% in July as purchase origination activity continued to accelerate.

As Claudia mentioned, the new business environment is exceptionally strong. Our unit economics on new production are up and capital demands are down, given how high-quality risk is scored under the PMIERs framework. Taken together, expected risk-adjusted returns on new business are trending above our mid-teens long-term target. Equally as important, we expect our recent production will be highly persistent given the record low interest rate environment, helping to build embedded value and seed our future financial results.

Primary insurance-in-force was $98.9 billion compared to $98.5 billion at the end of the first quarter. While record low interest rates have helped spur exceptionally strong new business volume and contributed to the resiliency of the overall housing market, they've also driven a significant increase in refinancing activity and portfolio turnover. 12-month persistency in the primary portfolio was 64% at June 30. We expect persistency will remain low in the near term given the outlook for interest rates. Over time, however, we expect portfolio turnover will slow and persistency will rebound as the business we're writing in the current rate environment stays on our books for an extended period.

Net premiums earned in the second quarter were $98.9 million including $15.5 million from the cancellation of single premium policies. Reported yield for the quarter was 40 basis points compared to 41 basis points in the first quarter. Our premiums earned for the quarter reflect a decrease in the profit commission received under our quota share reinsurance treaties. Our profit commission declined as we ceded increased losses to our reinsurance partners. This is exactly how our reinsurance coverage is designed to work. In a period of increased stress, we see an increasing amount of losses and required regulatory capital to our reinsurers. While this temporarily reduces our profit commission, it yields a directly offsetting benefit to our claims expense and additional benefits to our PMIERs and state regulatory capital positions.

We also continue to receive our ceding commission in full without any reduction for loss experience. Investment income was $7.1 million in the second quarter compared to $8.1 million in the first quarter. Investment income declined modestly in the quarter as we prioritized liquidity and increased our cash and equivalent position in late March, early April at the onset of the COVID crisis. We've since redeployed much of our excess liquidity position and expect net investment income to rebound in future periods.

Underwriting and operating expenses were $30.4 million compared to $32.3 million in the first quarter. Expenses in the second quarter include $152,000 of costs incurred in connection with our recently completed ILN offering. We expect an additional $1.8 million of ILN-related transaction costs to come through in the third quarter. Excluding ILN-related transaction costs, adjusted underwriting and operating expenses were $30.2 million. Our GAAP expense ratio was 30.7%, and our adjusted expense ratio was 30.5% for the quarter, down from 32.2% in the first quarter.

Our new long-term IT services agreement with TCS is expected to drive approximately $100 million of savings over the next 7 years. In connection with the agreement, we will be streamlining and consolidating a range of our third-party vendor relationships under TCS and have successfully transitioned 50 of our full-time IT employees over the TCS platform. Our expected cash savings from the TCS relationship will begin to emerge immediately. However, GAAP accounting treatment for the contract will yield an increasing income statement benefit as we progress through the 7-year term. Overall, we expect that our arrangement with TCS will allow us to maintain our technology lead and competitive advantage in an increasingly cost-efficient manner.

We had 10,816 defaults in our primary portfolio at the end of the second quarter compared to 1,449 at the end of the first quarter. The significant increase in our default population is directly attributable to the COVID outbreak, as borrowers have faced increasing challenges and chosen to access the forbearance program for federally backed loans fortified under the CARES Act and other similar assistance programs made available by private lenders. At quarter end, 28,555 or 7.7% of the loans we insured in our primary portfolio were enrolled in a forbearance program including 9,502 of the loans in our default population, 6,752 loans that had missed at least one payment but not progressed into default status and 12,301 or 43% of all forbearance loans that were fully performing without any missed payments. At the end of July, we had 14,175 defaults in our primary portfolio for a default ratio of 3.8% and identified 28,510 loans in forbearance programs. We're generally encouraged by the slowing growth of our default population, rising level of cure activity among COVID-impacted borrowers and the general stability in our forbearance population.

Claims expense was $34.3 million in the quarter, reflecting the significant increase in our COVID-related default population. The reserve we established for each defaulted loan, and by extension, the claims expense we incurred in any given period, reflects our best estimate of the future claim payment to be made for each individual loan and defaults. Our claims exposure is triggered by a property foreclosure. We don't fund delinquencies and is ultimately a function of the number of defaulted loans that progress to claim, which we refer to as frequency and the amount we pay to settle such claims, which we refer to as severity. Our estimates of claims frequency and severity are not formulaic. Rather, they are broadly synthesized based on historical observed experience for similarly situated loans and assumptions about future macroeconomic factors.

We generally observe that forbearance programs are an effective tool to bridge dislocated borrowers from a point of acute stress to a future date when they can resume timely payments of their mortgage obligation. The effectiveness of forbearance program is greatly enhanced by the availability of various repayment and loan modification options, which allow borrowers to amortize or in certain instances, outright defer payments otherwise due during the forbearance period over an extended length of time. In response to the COVID outbreak, the FHFA and GSEs have introduced new repayment and loan modification options to further assist borrowers with their transition out of forbearance and back into performing status.

At June 30, we established lower case reserves for defaults that we consider to be connected to the COVID outbreak given our expectation that forbearance, repayment and modification and other assistance programs will aid affected borrowers, providing them a clear pathway to avoid foreclosure and keep their homes and ultimately drive higher cure rates on such defaults that we would otherwise experience. Balancing this is the approach we took with our incurred but not reported or IBNR reserves. We established IBNR reserves for loans that we estimate to be in default that have not yet formally been reported to us as such by our servicing partners. In the second quarter, we doubled our IBNR reserving factor to account for the possibility of reporting delays tied to the COVID crisis.

Interest expense in the quarter was $5.9 million and includes $2.6 million of extinguishment costs related to the repayment and retirement of our $150 million term loan. We recorded a $1.2 million loss from the change in the fair value of our warrant liability. GAAP net income for the quarter was $26.8 million or $0.36 per diluted share. Adjusted net income, which excludes periodic transaction costs, warrant fair value changes and net realized investment gains, was $29.7 million or $0.40 per diluted share.

As Brad noted, we completed a comprehensive series of capital and reinsurance transactions over the last few months. We raised $230 million of common equity, $400 million of senior debt, $322 million in the ILN market and entered into a new quota share reinsurance agreement covering our new business production from April 1 through December 31 of this year. In total, we raised nearly $1 billion of capital and secured additional risk protection against adverse development in our insured portfolio. The success that we've just achieved in the markets paired with the risk discipline, capital strength and comprehensive reinsurance program that we carried into this crisis position National MI to perform well through the COVID-19 pandemic.

We've already downstreamed a significant majority of the net proceeds from our equity and debt offerings into NMIC and have immediately begun deploying this fresh capital in support of incremental, high-quality new business production. We also capitalized on continued interest from the traditional reinsurance community and chose to upsize our new quota share agreement from the 10.5% session rate we initially announced to 21%.

The ILN that we closed on July 30, our fourth Oaktown reoffering, builds upon the success we've achieved in the risk transfer markets to date and is particularly valuable in light of the COVID outbreak. The transaction provides us with excess of loss reinsurance protection on nearly all of the remaining uncovered pre-COVID risk in our insured portfolio. The deal is similar in structure to our first 3 transactions providing us with real working layer risk protection and capital benefit. It covers us for cumulative claims experience on risks originated between July 1, 2019, and March 31, 2020, from a 2.5% attachment point, our deductible, up to an 8% maximum detachment. The transaction carries a weighted average lifetime pretax cost of approximately 6%. The ILN further insulates our balance sheet and PMIERs position against the impact of forbearance activity and default experience. And in doing so, allows us to release the equity capital that we had previously allocated to support this pool and redeploy it in support of incremental high-quality, high-return new business production. Our ability to successfully execute a regular way ILN offering covering pre-COVID risk in the current environment broadly demonstrates the durability of the ILN market as a source of support for mortgage insurance risk and highlights the confidence that investors have in our individual risk underwriting approach and consistent use of Rate GPS to target higher quality volume.

Total cash and investments were $1.9 billion at quarter end including $76 million of cash and investments at the holding company. At June 30, our investment portfolio had an aggregate unrealized gain of $53 million. Shareholders' equity at the end of the second quarter was $1.3 billion, equal to $14.82 per share. We have $400 million of outstanding senior notes and fully repaid and retired our previous $150 million term loan. Our $100 million revolver remains undrawn and fully available.

At quarter end, we reported total available assets under PMIERs of $1.656 billion and risk-based required assets of $1.048 billion. Excess available assets were $609 million. The ILN issuance that we closed last week is not included in these figures as it was completed after quarter end. The $322 million offering will further bolster our excess position and provide even more funding runway for future periods.

The strength of our current funding profile and the comprehensive and uniquely expansive nature of our reinsurance program with its significant overcollateralization provide us with meaningful PMIERs and state regulatory capital runway. We're in a position to be fully focused on new business opportunities and provide leadership support to our lenders and their borrowers. Overall, the current environment is unlike any we've seen before. While this introduces general uncertainty, we believe that the conservative nature with which we manage our business across the board and the proactive steps we've recently taken in the capital and reinsurance markets will be valuable as we navigate through this stress.

With that, let me turn it back to Claudia.

[Claudia Merkle, executive]

Thanks, Adam. The COVID crisis has brought into sharp focus, the important role that National MI and the broader private mortgage insurance industry play in supporting a healthy and functioning housing finance system that works for borrowers, lenders and taxpayers across all market cycles. We came into this stress in a position of strength, bolstered by the conservatism with which we have managed our business, and we are here to provide support through this challenging period.

Thank you for joining us today, and I will now ask the operator to come back on, so we can take your questions.

[Operator]

[Operator Instructions] Your first question comes from the line of Douglas Harter from Crédit Suisse.

[Douglas Harter, analyst]

I was hoping you could just help us think about kind of the magnitude of capital you raised and kind of size the opportunity that you see? And so how much of this was for being able to kind of grow the insurance-in-force and kind of grow into that capital versus kind of how much of this would be kind of defensive if and when kind of the 70% haircut goes away a year from now when forbearance ends?

[Adam Pollitzer, executive]

Yes. Doug, it's a great question, and certainly a fair question. I'd say we came into the stress in a really good position from an operational standpoint, from the perspective of our -- the quality in our insured portfolio, our liquidity position, the investment portfolio and also our capital position. But facing a stress of an unprecedented magnitude that is going to follow an unknown path because we've never seen something like it before. It was the natural time for us to consider bolstering our resources. We didn't need to pursue a capital raise because of the risk in the in-force portfolio. The strength of the capital position that we came into this crisis with and the unique workings of our reinsurance program that provide us with a accordion light capacity to absorb an increasing amount of PMIERs strain would have carried us through. But having more capital in the face of an uncertain environment is an unequivocal positive. But what really drove our decisioning around capital and focused our efforts was the new business environment.

We knew pretty early on based on the changes that we had made that pricing would be up that the risk profile of production coming through in the post-COVID environment would be down and that unit economics would be there in a meaningful way. But by early June, when we really launched the comprehensive series of quota share, equity and debt, it was also clear that volume would be there in record size. And so the capital we raised is, first and foremost, about making sure that we have all of the funding needed to capitalize, fully capitalize on that enormously attractive market opportunity. And at some point, though, capital is fungible. And so having additional resources in the system provides additional value for the in-force portfolio. What we've done now, though, with our most recent ILN transaction, we will call it good bank, bad bank, but we've essentially ring-fenced the potential exposure that we have to PMIER strain on the in-force portfolio because nearly every risk that we originated prior to March 31 of this year now sits under both a quota-share agreement as well as an excess of loss agreement.

So much, much more focused and driven by the new business opportunity. But obviously, in a period of uncertainty, the additional capital and the fungibility of capital provides us with added protection on the in-force.

[Douglas Harter, analyst]

Got it. Any way to sort of size how you're kind of seeing the market opportunity and kind of the ability to kind of ramp back up after slower than peer growth in the second quarter?

[Claudia Merkle, executive]

Yes, Doug, I'll take that. We don't typically guide to NIW, although, as I mentioned in my prepared remarks, we had a very, very strong July, and we're seeing a strong -- even a stronger August coming through. The new business environment is just exceptionally strong, both in terms of volume and pricing and risk-adjusted returns. As Adam said, our rates are up; risk profile is strong; capital requirements on new business production are down. So we're very excited about our new business opportunity and trajectories.

[Operator]

Your next question comes from the line of Mark DeVries from Barclays.

[Mark DeVries, analyst]

I had a follow-up question on the last one. It was interesting how -- it did look like your share kind of pulled back in the second quarter. It was probably the lowest growth quarter you guys have had as far as IIF. And it's clearly picking back up with the strong July. Can you talk about how pricing and kind of your risk parameters might have evolved over that period? And whether that might have affected kind of the risk that you were seeing? It certainly looks like you did a lot more a higher percentage of high FICO, a lower percentage of high LTV. Is that also kind of a reflection of some of the adjustments you made around pricing? Or is it more of a reflection of just what kind of risk was being generated by your clients?

[Claudia Merkle, executive]

Yes. Thanks, Mark. It's a great question. Let me first just talk about just some specifics about the quarter, and then I'll mention around the quality piece. In terms of specifics about the quarter, we know we were on the leading edge of raising prices as well as tightening our underwriting standards. We've been really disciplined, both on risk and pricing, and that was certainly the case at the outset of COVID. We have the flexibility and the ubiquity through Rate GPS. So we were able and willing to take pricing up at the first sign of the market distress. Since then, everyone has followed at this stage. The other MIs are ruffling on the same footing from a pricing standpoint, but it took many of our competitors' months to make similar changes. And as I mentioned, we had a terrific NIW in July. But what's really important to focus on is that we're writing large volume of exceptionally high-quality business, high quality and high return.

As far as the quality, this is a period of unknowns. We've never seen anything of the nature of magnitude of this -- like this before. So it's entirely appropriate and consistent with everything we've done up to this point for us to take a conservative stance from a new business risk standpoint. And it's just not the time to lean in and grow our concentration of 97 LTV or below 680 FICO or greater than 45% UTI volume and particularly layered risk with those attributes. This is the time for us to fully utilize the underwriting and pricing tools that we've worked so very hard to develop.

[Adam Pollitzer, executive]

Mark, I'll add one for you. The pickup in volume that we enjoyed in July that Claudia mentioned actually came, if you look, we've got operating statistics that are out embedded in the 8-K that we released with the earnings results today. With a similarly strong, if not stronger, risk profile of new production from what we've been running in the last few months. And so the volume is there. Our pricing is driving us towards higher quality, but also the market has shifted meaningfully in terms of the quality that's coming through.

[Mark DeVries, analyst]

Got it. That's helpful. And then, Adam, can you -- any help you can provide us on how the cost saves from the TCS contract will flow through the GAAP statements? I think you indicated that it builds over time.

[Adam Pollitzer, executive]

Yes, that's right. They're going to build over time. The $100 million will come in over the next 7 years. It's going to come from a range of different areas, streamlining and consolidating our third-party vendor relationships, transitioning 50 full-time employees over to their platform. The accounting for the contract requires us to match the expense alongside the services rendered. And any time we're transitioning into such a significant relationship of that nature, the services rendered will be heavier earlier on. So the expense savings will start to, I'll call it, fully emerge until a few years into the contract.

[Operator]

Your next question comes from the line of Bose George from KBW.

[Bose George, analyst]

Just a follow-up quickly on the expense contract. Is there a way to think about sort of the benefit of that longer term to your expense ratio? Or is there kind of a way for us to kind of think about the benefit of that overall over time?

[Adam Pollitzer, executive]

Yes. But not necessarily to our expense ratio, but what I'll share is that IT is for us, as it is, I think, for most organizations, our largest expense department historically. But typically, people are our biggest cost, and that is certainly the case throughout the organization. But IT has, on top of our people cost, I'll call them platform and project costs. So the benefit of the TCS engagement is, first and foremost, strategic, in that it will provide us a partnership with a global leading firm to drive continued innovation and success and leadership on the IT side. But the contractual nature of the engagement also caps where our expenses would otherwise grow in what is -- has otherwise been our largest department. And so there are savings, there are dollars of savings that are going to come through. But even more importantly, it's in the largest expense department that we have set a ceiling on where expenses will grow over time. And so that will add significant leverage to our expense ratio over time.

[Bose George, analyst]

Okay. Got it. Makes sense. And then actually just switching to the premium. Could you just disregard the impact of singles and profit commissions? Did average prices, have they increased to the point where new business is especially neutral to the premiums and the stuff that's running off?

[Adam Pollitzer, executive]

It is in. So you -- Bose, the impact of the profit commission decline because of ceded losses and the increase in the contribution of cancellation earnings roughly cancel out in the yield calculation. The cost of the quota share went up by about 2.9 basis points, and the contribution from cancellation earnings went up by about 2.7. So it's almost perfectly canceling out. Our yield overall then was down by about 0.8 of a basis point from 40.9 in the first quarter of 40.1 in the second quarter. That's all core yields. And so what's happening underpinning that core yield dynamic is still -- there is still some premium-rich business from earlier years that we wrote prior to the implementation of tax reform. That is running off, and it's being replaced in a meaningful way and even more so because of the growth in IF by new business production, but there still is a little bit of drag coming into the yield calculation because of that dynamic. It is certainly slowing and much slower than it otherwise would have been had we not pushed through the rate increases that we did in the immediate aftermath of COVID.

[Operator]

Your next question comes from the line of Jack Micenko from SIG.

[Jack Micenko, analyst]

I wanted to talk a little bit about the credit side. I know you threw a lot of numbers, Adam, on forbearance-related defaults. And maybe could you kind of run through that again for us? I guess what we'd be curious to hear is of the new defaults, what percentage are in forbearance? And it sounded like you said you've got more forbearance loans than you have delinquency loans. So is that a positive? Is that a risk that they may grow into delinquency? Kind of just to -- give us those numbers again, if you can?

[Adam Pollitzer, executive]

Yes, happy to. So at the end of the quarter, we had 10,816 defaults in our primary portfolio. We separately identified 28,555 loans that were in forbearance programs. And there's 3 data points I gave for that 28,555. There are the loans that are in default. So a portion of those 10,816 are in forbearance, and that number is 9,502. So the overwhelming majority of loans that are in defaults are in a forbearance program. That's a real positive for us. Essentially, everything that we identified that is COVID related is in forbearance. There's a few hundred loans that based on the timing and the details around how they progressed into default status, we also would say, are related to COVID. But nearly everything that is a COVID-related default is in forbearance. That's a positive. We want borrowers to be taking advantage of the programs that are offered to them to help themselves and ultimately put themselves on a pathway towards resuming timely payment of principal and interest. Then we have an additional amount of the loans in forbearance, right, another subset of the 28,555 that has missed at least one payment, but had not progressed into default status. They may not ever progress into default status. Those borrowers may cure. They may continue to make payments and only have missed one or some of them may progress into default status. That number was 6,752 and then fully 43% or 12,301 of those forbearance loans of that total 28,555 are continuing to make every payment. They've never missed a payment, they're in fully performing status.

What I would say is, overall, we're really encouraged by how the performance of the portfolio has been developing, right? Things are going in a really positive manner. The forbearance population itself, I shared with you 28,555 loans in forbearance at the end of June. That number came down a touch to 28,510 at the end of July. So the forbearance population is flat to trending down. It actually peaked at the end of May, and it's been declining modestly since then. And also the rate of growth of our default population. We went from 1,449 loans in default at the end of March to 10,816 at the end of June. But we're only at 14,175 at the end of July. So the pace of growth has slowed meaningfully.

And then another point I'll give you. Start to throw a lot of numbers at you, Jack, but it's useful here. We have other data internally that I can give you some color on. We look at what I'll call our total delinquent population, which is those loans that are in defaults as well as those loans that have missed at least one payment but have not yet progressed into default status. What others in the industry might refer to as their D 30-plus population, that tally actually declined from the end of June to the end of July. And that is an enormous positive. It signals that our default population may be peaking. I'll put a heavy caveat around that and say, obviously, so much depends on what still happens in the macro environment. But the decline in what others term that D 30 population from June to July is a really meaningful positive about where credit performance is going to go.

[Jack Micenko, analyst]

That's super, super helpful. Yes. I mean the July numbers seem to show an inflection, and there's a big percentage of these DQs that are forbearance-driven. So that's all pretty constructive. What is your claim rate assumption that you're running with now on these forbearance defaults?

[Claudia Merkle, executive]

Yes. So the...

[Adam Pollitzer, executive]

I'd say, look, overall, we certainly expect that this is going to be much more of a default event than a claims event. That was the perspective we had on our first quarter call and it's certainly been reinforced by everything that's happened over the last several months. At June 30, our reserve and by extension, our claims expense assumes a roughly 7% default-to-claim rate on newly reported defaults in the quarter. Although that's lower than what we would typically assume for similarly situated loans that weren't in forbearance and weren't otherwise benefiting from all of the massive assistance that's being offered in response to COVID, but it's also meaningfully, meaningfully higher than what our experience in the aftermath of the 2017 and 2018 hurricanes would indicate should be applied.

[Jack Micenko, analyst]

Okay. And just take one more. On the expense line, you had a nice step down about $2 million on a dollar basis. Was any of that this tech contract? Or is there something else at play there, sequentially, the step down in operating expenses?

[Adam Pollitzer, executive]

Yes. I think it was not the TCS relationship. In fact, we may actually see some very modest growth over the next few quarters related to TCS again because of the accounting dynamic of the heavy lift associated with setting up that relationship, transitioning accounts. There's a little bit of overlap. We can't just pull the plug on existing vendors and transition to TCS. There's learning that has to happen. So we have to run what I'll call some parallel production. That's all for the third and fourth quarter. But the step down from the first quarter to the second quarter is primarily because in the first quarter, when we -- it's when we pay bonuses and there are certain vesting events that happen. It's a heavier quarter for us from a FICA standpoint. So there are certain payroll costs that get introduced in the first quarter that then don't carry through the remainder of the year.

[Operator]

Your next question is from the line of Rick Shane from JPMorgan.

[Richard Shane, analyst]

Follow-up on Jack's question. Look, the mix is shifting towards more refi, which is somewhat of a historical anomaly for PMI. You guys historically have provided us with a lot of different metrics and ways to think about risk. Is there any risk factor, either positive or negative that we should consider with refi in terms of the portfolio over the longer term?

[Adam Pollitzer, executive]

Yes. Rick, what I would say though is risk is coming out of the system broadly. And the changes we've made from a pricing and underwriting guideline standpoint are driving a lot of that, both across the purchase portfolio and the refi portfolio. I mentioned that our purchase origination volume in the second quarter was actually meaningfully higher than what it was for July. And in July, we still saw the credit metrics of new production strengthen. But some of the benefits of refinancing volume coming through. One, generally speaking, the borrowers have more equity. We're not ensuring cash out refis. And so the borrowers, who are coming to us for rate term refis, generally have built equity in their homes between the principal paydown that they've had over the years as well as some amount of home price appreciation. So it's lower LTV production. And also because the mortgage payment itself carries so much weight in the FICO score, on the margin, you tend to see higher FICO scores amongst refinancing borrowers than you do amongst purchase borrowers. But overall, I would say the quality and the strengthening of credit quality is happening on both the refi side and the purchase side.

[Richard Shane, analyst]

Got it. Okay. That's very helpful, Adam. And I think the comment about not doing cash out refi is significant. I want to revisit the complicated topic that you guys just started to explore with Jack. I'm particularly interested in loans that fall into the bucket of default and forbearance. I'm assuming that, that was a loan that was in default and then the borrower saw forbearance. Is that the way to -- is that how you wind up in that 9000-plus loans?

[Adam Pollitzer, executive]

No. So in all other periods, that was the case. In all other prior environments, borrowers had to, I'll call it, demonstrate a hardship before they could access a forbearance program. And the way that, that hardship was demonstrated is they would first be default. They would miss the payments on their mortgage and then call up to access a forbearance program or other assistance. In this environment, it is different. Borrowers have the ability without proving the hardship, simply claiming a hardship before they are in default, before they've missed a payment to call their servicer and get access to a forbearance program. So they've done that. And then a large number of those borrowers, who are in forbearance, continue to make payments. They've never missed the payment, right? 43% of the borrowers that we have -- that we insure or in forbearance, continue to make all of the payments due, but a subset of them have missed their payments, right? The forbearance program is doing what it's intended to do.

Our instinct is, right, a borrower who is fearful of some type of a layoff, fearful in the diminution of their income stream at the immediate outset, they're going to call up and access a forbearance program. And if that diminution and income actually plays through because they've been laid off for some other reason, then they will pause the payments on their mortgage. And they will then progress -- while they're under the forbearance umbrella, they'll progress into default status because they will have missed enough payments for a long enough period of time that it trips into the definition of default.

[Richard Shane, analyst]

Got it. Okay. And I was under the -- I misunderstood. And I assume that once you were in forbearance, your default status throws where you were. But that -- it's an important segue into my next question, which is that when we look at your reserve levels, one of the factors that is extremely influential is number of payments that have been missed. And because of the recency of that, I'm wondering if you assume reasonable default rate or roll rates and reasonable cure rates, if that suggests that you will see additional reserve build as we move into Q -- or as we move through Q3 as those loans that are in default moved from 2 payments missed to 5 payments missed?

[Adam Pollitzer, executive]

Yes. It's a great question, Rick. And candidly, it's something that we're focused on. I would say, in all other environments, the aging of that default, the borrower missing more and more payments is telling about the likelihood that they are going to ultimately progress to claim, right? And so we would typically carry a larger and larger reserve for -- assume a higher reserve factor, right, higher frequency of ultimate claim and depending on the duration, perhaps some additional adjustment on severity as that default grows in its age. But we've never had a situation like this before where so many borrowers have gone into forbearance when they were otherwise current on their loans. And it really raises an interesting question about whether a borrower, who is told from the outset that they don't need to make a payment, is there really something that is fundamentally different in the information between the borrower who has missed, call it, 3 or 4 payments and a borrower who has missed 6 or 7 payments? We're going through that analysis now. We have to see what the data tells us, right? This is all happening in real time.

As we see the underlying risk profile of those borrowers, who cure out forbearance and default status in the early days versus those who remain in forbearance and continue to progress the age of their default, we'll be making that determination through the course of the third quarter and into the fourth quarter. I sense that we are going to carry a higher reserve factor for those borrowers who remain in a forbearance-driven defaults. Even though, again, theoretically, the borrower, who's told to miss all of their payments, whether they miss 2 or miss 7, it's not necessarily the same information and same additional indication of higher risk, but there will likely be a higher reserve that we established for those borrowers who age through the forbearance program as well.

[Richard Shane, analyst]

Okay. So there is, in fact some -- so historically, I think that the reserve rate for a loan that's 2 payments late is in the high single digits. It moves to 25% or 30% once it's 6 months past due or 6 months late. Do you think we may wind up in a scenario where it's not as severe as that?

[Adam Pollitzer, executive]

I'd say, Rick, I'm not a -- great question again. One, I -- the rates that you've just outlined aren't necessarily aligned with the broad rates that we've applied. It very much depends on each individual loan, its underlying risk profile, the borrowers' equity in the home and a whole variety of other items. It's something that we're focused on is, what is the aging of a default mean under a forbearance program. And as we get through the third quarter and gather additional information about the macro environment, the path of house prices, the equity that our borrowers have as well as the cure activity for those who've remained in versus those who've cured out of forbearance defaults, we'll make that determination as we go through the third quarter.

[Operator]

Your next question comes from the line of Mark Hughes with Trust Securities or -- Truist Securities, excuse me.

[Mark Hughes, analyst]

You touched on this in -- in your last answer, you talked -- you mentioned home price appreciation. How significant is that in this analysis that rates are down, housing prices continue to go up? What does that mean for eventual claim frequency or severity?

[Adam Pollitzer, executive]

Yes. I see it actually, it really is perhaps the most -- it has the most significant impact on both frequency and severity of any, I'll call it, macro factor. Historically, house prices and the path of house prices nationally has been the best predictor of MI credit performance, right? I mean at its core, when borrowers have equity in their homes, they're far less likely to progress to claim status, so it impacts the frequency. And from a -- and also tied to that is, if the borrower simply can't afford to make their payments and ultimately progresses towards claim status, if they have sufficient, what I'll call, residual value, there's also the option for them to sell out of that default to cure out. And we certainly see that happening at times.

The other area from a severity standpoint is the more equity in the home if we take advantage of different claims settlement options. We have the potential to curtail our claims exposure. And so it really is -- has historically been the single biggest driver of MI credit performance. I think when we established our reserves for this quarter, we have assumed that house prices will decline modestly nationwide over the next 2 years in our reserving analysis. We also obviously recognize that the latest data coming in from the market shows a significant amount of continued HPA expansion. We think it's appropriate right now given the broad level of uncertainty that remains to take a more conservative view for reserving and also candidly for pricing purposes. But it's something we're going to monitor. It is critically important, the path of house prices over the next 2 years. If they hold up better than what we've assumed, will be a meaningful positive in terms of where our ultimate claims experience settles.

[Mark Hughes, analyst]

And then I wonder, any observations about the credit overlays on the part of the lenders? How stiff are their standards? You're doing your thing, but how much are they being strict in their underwriting? And could that diminish over time and probably support home prices?

[Adam Pollitzer, executive]

Yes. Look, it's certainly -- Claudia, do you want to take it?

[Claudia Merkle, executive]

Yes. Well, I'll just mention, Mark, one of the things that we're seeing for what you're terming overlays. We're seeing that lenders are just scrubbing the loans, especially as it relates to verifying income as close to closing as they can for the obvious reasons. And certainly making sure that they've got all of the particulars of the loan intact before they close. But their due diligence, they're following GSE guidelines, but they're very, very particular. It gets very expensive for whatever reason, they would deliver a loan and then that loan would go into forbearance. So they have a stake in this to make sure that all the overlays that they are putting in makes sense, especially about employment and continuance of income.

[Operator]

Your next question comes from the line of Geoffrey Dunn from Dowling & Partners.

[Geoffrey Dunn, analyst]

Adam, can you parse out the incurred losses this quarter between the case reserving and the IBNR?

[Adam Pollitzer, executive]

Geoff, I'll have to come back to you with the detail. The Q will have and I think our earnings release has a table that provides a split between case reserves and IBNR per default. It's about $5,600 in reserve per case reserve and about $900 per IBNR.

[Geoffrey Dunn, analyst]

That's on overall default, so that's not the new notices this quarter, the incurred losses, right?

[Adam Pollitzer, executive]

That's correct.

[Geoffrey Dunn, analyst]

Okay. Maybe I could follow up offline. All right.

[Operator]

Your next question comes from the line of Phil Stefano with Deutsche Bank.

[Phil Stefano, analyst]

Most of them have been asked and answered, but just a quick one. Adam, I think you had mentioned that the quota share percentage went from 10.5% to 21%. And was that effective April 1?

[Adam Pollitzer, executive]

Yes. So it's a good question. So we took it from 10.5% to 21% based on the -- really candidly broader interest that continue to emerge from the traditional reinsurance community. The treaty will be effective back to April 1 for all risk. In terms of what actually rolled through the quarter though because of how the timing of the additional session came through, it was a 12% session that impacted the quarter. There'll be a little bit of catch-up in terms of additional profit commission, a little bit of ceded premia. But our reinsurers are on risk for 21% of the production starting April 1. And there'll be a little bit of, I'll call it, settlement of how that works through in the third quarter as well. It won't be significant.

[Phil Stefano, analyst]

Okay. It won't be significant. But any of the premium profit commission impact was something we'll see in 3Q as opposed to what we result like in second quarter results?

[Adam Pollitzer, executive]

Yes, that's right. You'll see -- so what will end up happening in the third quarter is you'll see the full 21% impact of the new quota share. And there'll be, I'll call it, a few hundred thousand dollars of sort of give and take that happens for the fact that the reinsurers are on risk effective April 1, and there needs to be a settlement of premium paid to them as well as profit commission and ceding commission received by us. The other piece that I would note is that our PMIERs position will benefit effective April 1 from the 21%. But again, this dynamic, the $609 million of excess that we tallied only reflects 12% cede as opposed to the 21%. So it will be a little bit of additional benefit also to the regulatory capital position that comes through in the third quarter.

[Operator]

You do have a follow-up question from the line of Bose George.

[Bose George, analyst]

I know you referred to your strong NIW in July a couple of times, but was that in the 8-K? Or is that possible to get that number?

[Adam Pollitzer, executive]

It's not in the 8-K. Claudia mentioned nearly $6 billion of NIW.

[Bose George, analyst]

So $6 billion. Okay. Great.

[Operator]

And there are no further questions at this time. I'd like to turn the call back to the presenters for any closing remarks.

[Claudia Merkle, executive]

Thank you again for joining us. We will be participating in virtual investor conferences hosted by Barclays, the week of September 14 and Zelman Associates the week of September 21. We look forward to speaking with you at one of these events and hope all of you are staying safe and healthy through this crisis.

[Operator]

That does conclude today's conference call. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect. Everyone, have a wonderful afternoon.