Douyu International Holdings Ltd

NASDAQ:DOYU

Earnings Call Analysis

Diving Into a Year of Transformation and Resilience

In 2023, amidst macroeconomic volatility, the company diversified its revenue streams and enhanced profitability, achieving an adjusted net income of RMB 154 million. Live streaming revenues declined by 36.1% due to reduced spending and promotions, leading to a decreased total net revenue of RMB 1.3 billion, a 22.9% year-over-year drop. However, advertising and other innovative revenues surged by 226.5%, contributing 13.2% to total revenue. Cost efficiencies improved with decreases in revenue sharing fees and content costs. Despite the reduced marketing spend and smaller user base, the company's focus on regulatory compliance and technology R&D led to improved engagement and a robust game-centric ecosystem. Looking ahead, the company is committed to its growth strategy, enhancing revenue diversification and cost management, confident in overcoming short-term challenges and ensuring long-term growth.

Transitioning Challenges Into Strengths

As we reflect on the year 2023, the company managed to navigate through various challenges while reaffirming its commitment to a long-term growth strategy by promoting a diverse and vibrant game-centric content ecosystem. Strategic collaboration with game developers to maximize commercialization opportunities and the implementation of AI-driven revenue and marketing strategies were core to this transition. The company successfully converted operational losses into profits, capped by an adjusted net profit amounting to RMB 154 million for the entire year.

Steady User Base with a Focus on Core Strengths

In the fourth quarter, the company maintained a mobile Monthly Active User (MAU) count of 51.7 million and enjoyed the patronage of 3.7 million paying users. This stability in users and paying customers is attributed to the core strengths of the company: an entrenched streamer resource base, a rich content ecosystem, and deep collaborations with game developers. Operating strategies were refined, focusing on quality over quantity in user acquisition, which facilitated stability despite a 9.9% year-over-year decrease. The company intends to strengthen content offerings, resulting in a better quality of interaction and incremental user engagement.

Enhanced User Engagement with Exclusive Content

Exclusive content and feature offerings, particularly during high-profile gaming events, have proven to boost user engagement substantially. Broadcasting over 30 significant e-sports tournaments and upgrading real-time interactive features served as strategic initiatives to embed users more deeply into the platform's gaming culture.

Monetization and Revenue Stream Diversification

Facing a decline in the number of paying users, the company deliberately shifted its strategy to reduce low-margin sales promotions and focus on improving the operating efficiency of revenue streams. Despite these changes, the company was able to maintain its paying user base at 3.7 million with a quarterly Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) of RMB 278, acknowledging a marginal decrease due to the strategic shift initiated at the beginning of 2023. Additionally, efforts in diversifying revenue streams resulted in other revenues significantly increasing year-over-year, underscoring the innovative commercialization initiatives put in place by the company.

Financial Synopsis and Adaptive Strategies

The company's financial performance in the fourth quarter of 2023 presented a mixed picture, with total net revenues decreasing by 22.9% year-over-year to RMB 1.3 billion. The decrease in live streaming revenues to RMB 1.02 billion, a 36.1% drop from the previous year, reflected the impact of softer macroeconomic conditions and strategic reductions in revenue-generating promotions. However, a substantial increase of 226.5% in advertising and other revenues to RMB 275.2 million was mainly attributed to the success of innovative new business ventures, such as game-specific memberships and a voice-based social networking service. This increase marked a significant achievement for the company in its pursuit of diversified and sustainable revenue sources.

Commitment to Long-term Sustainable Growth

In conclusion, the company has adeptly aligned its operating strategies with market dynamics, thereby maintaining stability and increasing profitability throughout 2023. With a focus on compliance, refined revenue structures, and operational cost optimization, the company is poised to continue its trajectory of sustainable growth and value delivery to its shareholders.

Earnings Call Transcript 2023-Q4

[Operator]

Good morning, and good evening, ladies and gentlemen. Thank you, and welcome to DouYu International Holdings Limited's Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2023 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions]I would now turn the call over to the first speaker today, Ms. Lingling Kong, IR Director at DouYu. Please go ahead, ma'am.

[Lingling Kong, executive]

Thank you. Hello, everyone. Welcome to our fourth quarter and full year 2023 earnings call. Joining us today are Mr. Mingming Su, Chief Strategy Officer; Mr. Hao Cao, Vice President of Finance; and Ms. Simin Ren, Vice President from the Interim Management Committee. You can refer to our fourth quarter and full year 2023 financial results on our IR website at ir.douyu.com. You can also check a replay of this call when it becomes available in a few hours on our IR website.Before we start, please note that this call may contain forward-looking statements made pursuant to the Safe Harbor provision for the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are based on management's current expectations and observations that involves known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors not under the company's control, which may cause actual results, performance or achievements of the company to be materially different from the results, performance or expectations implied by this forward-looking statements.All forward-looking statements are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statement, risk factors and the details of the company's filings with the SEC. The company undertakes no duty to revise or update any forward-looking statements for selected events or circumstances after the date of this conference call.I will now speak on behalf of our Interim Management Committee on business update and the call will be handed to our Vice President of Finance, Mr. Hao Cao, for financial discussion.The year 2023 continued to be filled with challenges. Amid this backdrop, we remain firmly committed to executing our long-term growth strategy of fostering a vibrant, diverse, game-centric content ecosystem while prioritizing content across our platform. We deepened our cooperation with game developers to enhance commercialization while adjusting our revenue and marketing strategies to be more AI-driven. At the same time, we continuously optimize costs and expenses.At the adjusted net level, we successfully transformed losses into gains, achieving an adjusted net profit of RMB 154 million for the full year of 2023. In addition, we continued to place a significant emphasis on compliance management and regulatory improvements across the platform. These efforts are dedicated to continue to nurture our platform's ecosystem with enhanced compliance, healthy growth and sustainability.Navigating the complex and the evolving macro -- the macroeconomic dynamics and operating landscape, we proactively tackled short-term platform challenges in the fourth quarter. We further enhanced our compliance efforts to ensure a steady stream of premium content output and effectively maintained the overall stability of our business operations. In the fourth quarter of 2023, our mobile MAUs were 51.7 million and our quarterly paying users were 3.7 million.With 2024 underway, we are zeroing on harnessing our 3 core strengths: deep-rooted streamer resources; a rich content ecosystem; and close cooperation with game developers. In doing so, we can ensure operating stability and advance healthy development across our platform.First, we are building on our deep-rooted streamer resources by intensifying our cooperation with game developers on content and operation front. There we are continuously [ producing ] premium content and upgrading content operations, cementing and innovating DouYu's value as a vibrant game-centric content ecosystem.Additionally, we will heighten our efforts to diversify our revenue streams. We will accomplish this by collaborating with more game developers on commercial endeavors and by bringing promotions and game [ focus ] [indiscernible] to even more gaming segments through diverse business partnership models. At the [ outside ] of the year, we also streamlined our organizational structure, transforming our pivotal content ecosystem business unit into 3 core divisions [ comprising ] streamers, content and events, and game developers.With the formation of this primary unit, we believe we can further improve our operating efficiency by integrating and utilizing our key resources, moreover, leveraging our ongoing efforts to enhance compliance standards and execution across the platform. We will further refine our revenue structure to improve the quality of our revenue streams and continuously optimizing cost and expenses. This initiative provides us with better agility to navigate the evolving market dynamics and challenges, fortifying our company's foundation for long-term development.With that overview, I'd like to review some details of our business operations during the quarter. In the fourth quarter of 2023, our mobile MAUs were 51.7 million, showing stability on a sequential quarter basis and a decrease of 9.9% year-over-year as we fine-tuned our user acquisition strategy. As you may recall, beginning in early 2023, we began emphasizing user quality and cutting back on low ROI marketing spending, which greatly reduced customer acquisition expenses. On a year-over-year basis, this led to a lack of user acquisition from promotional channels and the [ big high ] MAUs.Quarter-over-quarter, on the other hand, MAU performance exceeded our expectations given the high base in the third quarter summer peak season. Our effective content-driven growth strategy continued to attract and retain high-quality users, supporting MAU stability quarter-over-quarter. Specifically, we were able to attract new users and boost user retention through the continued development of our platform's diversified commercial initiatives, promotions of game version updates and new game [ teams ] and operational activities featuring high-quality streamers.Second, we rolled out an [ array ] of exclusive features and content offerings during official gaming events broadcast, which elevated user engagement. This quarter we broadcasted over 30 large-scale official eSport tournaments, including the S13 League of Legends World Championship, Dota 2, TI 12 International Championship, King Pro League Challenger Cup and a Championship, CrossFire Stars 2023 China Regionals and World Championship, as well as the exclusive VALORANT Championships Tour 2023.In terms of tournament content operations, in addition to our derivative commentary and review programs, we upgraded real-time interactive features to further boost user engagement. For example, during the League of Legends World Championship, we introduced a professional data scoreboard in our live streaming sessions, allowing hardcore gamers to quickly access the strength of players and teams. Moreover, we have intensified our investment in interactive features.Alongside the MVP [ full ] list, a best and worst player voting feature initiated during the LPL Summer Split, we added a player rating section, enabling users to rate and comment on players after each game, fulfilling user's desire for frequent interactions.In addition, during the official gaming event's co-streamed live commentary, the player rating feature garnered highly positive feedback from streamers, enabling streamers to rate players, enhance user immersion and enjoyment during the viewing experience, fostering lively discussions and heightened engagement.Moreover, we have proactively expanded our presence in new official eSports tournaments. For instance, with VALORANT, a new game known for its competitive appeal and captivating game-play, thanks to our attentive operations during the game's initial launch and our hardcore user base.In addition to regular tournaments like VALORANT CN Evolution Series, we secured the exclusive live streaming rights to TEN Valorant Global Invitational, featuring top-tier teams and enriched user experience with a wide array of premium eSport content. Upon comprehensive evaluation of our eSports content offerings across the platform, we [ promptly ] adjusted the balance between copyrighted tournaments and self-produced content, achieving synergistic integration of our premium content offerings while effectively balancing overall content costs.Throughout the fourth quarter, we produced over 60 gaming events, including the KPL Academy Tournament 2023 aligned with KPL official events, the S10 Teamfight Tactics [ Greece ] Tournament highlighting female streamers, and the Abyss [ PvP ] Tournament of Genshin Impact Continuous Series ], alongside other high-caliber self-produced events. Beyond bridging content gaps during official event off-seasons, our self-produced events serve as pivotal platforms for talent discovery, streamer cultivation, and enhancing user engagement and interaction.In terms of premium content promotions, we reinforced the synergy between platforms' online content and offline initiatives. During the quarter, we organized offline activities, [ exerting ] offline watching for the League of Legends World Championship and peaceful adventure for the Peacekeeper segment.Leveraging the momentum of high-traffic events of League of Legends in 2023, we curated an array of offline game watching and [ gatherings ], featuring top-tier gaming streamers and entertainment streamers. This innovative model integrated pre-game [ variety ] show live streaming, offline eSports fun challenges, and immersive offline game viewing, presenting gamers with a fully immersive, all-inclusive eSports content journey. Furthermore, it catalyzed the convergence of gaming and prime entertainment fans alike.We also capitalized on in-person engagement for the Peacekeeper gaming segment to enhance promotions. By introducing new redemption in-game items for gaming members, streamers competing offline tasks gained the ability to unlock limited offerings on in-game items. Through those targeted content offerings and interactive user experience, we advanced the promotion of our game-specific membership service.Let's turn to our monetization. Our total number of paying users in the fourth quarter was 3.7 million with a quarterly [ ARPU ] of RMB 278. The decrease in the number of paying users stems from our strategic shift at the start of 2023 to deliberately reduce revenue-generating activities and the low-margin sales promotions. Instead, we began focusing on enhancing the operating efficiency of revenue streams while fostering a healthy and sustainable game-centric community ecosystem. This transition resulted in a year-over-year decline on our paying user base.Furthermore, with the macro-level consumer sentiment gradually waning in the latter half of 2023, we strategically scaled back our platform-wide promotion activities in the fourth quarter. This adjustment also impacted the scale of paying users for the period. While we continue to maintain our co-paying user base, given the current consumer sentiment, we offered some modestly priced revenue-generating products to accommodate the spending habits of mid and long-tail users. Therefore, our quarterly [ ARPU ] marginally declined year-over-year and quarter-over-quarter.Over the past few years, we have been exploring ways to diversify our revenue streams. Thanks to our innovative commercialization initiatives, the contribution from other revenues in 2023 significantly increased year-over-year. In 2024, revenue diversification remains one of our focuses, and we will prioritize collaborative commercialization ventures with game developers. First, most of DouYu users are hardcore gamers with great appetite for game [ perks ].Second, previous sales campaigns for game [ perks ] not only diversified our revenue streams, but also boosted traffic on our platform. This suggests strong user interest and engagement in these activities, highlighting the robust alignment between user demand and sales for in-game items. Given these insights, we intend to deepen our partnerships with more game developers, determining and promoting various approaches to commercialization for game [ perks ] tailored to diverse game genres.Moving on to our technology R&D. We introduced a major version update to the DouYu app in November in 2023. The update strengthened interactive functionalities between streamers and users within our game-centric content ecosystem, further enhancing overall engagement.We introduced a new tab called the [indiscernible] on the main interface, providing users with real-time updates on streamers they follow, such as live streaming status and access links, as well as non-live streaming updates on streamers and Yuba posts. This feature allows users to engage with streamers and leave comments even outside of live streaming sessions.Additionally, it fosters interaction among users who follow the same streamer within that streamer's Yuba community. Furthermore, we have continued to strengthen our compliance self-assessment procedures and further standardize compliance management across the platform. This ongoing effort includes enhancing compliance standards on various fronts, such as products, operations, and content moderation. We have been implementing strict compliance efforts.In particular, starting this year, we have intensified efforts to combat behaviors violating our platform rules and policies. These remedial measures showed very good results with regular public announcements on our website. In the meantime, we will continue to comprehensively implement project risk provision and control mechanisms while establishing product tracing procedures.Additionally, we have enhanced our interactive anti-addiction systems, prioritized the distribute compliant resolution, conducted regular reviews of [ breach ] risks across the platform, and ratified irregular behaviors, reinforcing risk awareness among all relevant staff.In summary, throughout 2023, we fine-tuned our operating strategies to align with the evolving market dynamics and effectively maintain the overall stability of our business operations while improving profitability. We believe that by sharpening our focus and capitalizing on the platform's core competitive edge, we can effectively foster a vibrant, healthy, diverse, game-centric content ecosystem while continuing to uphold regulatory compliance. We remain unwavering in our commitment to the company's long-term sustainable growth.With that, I will now turn the call over to our Vice President of Finance, Mr. Hao Cao, to go through the details of our financial performance in the quarter.

[Hao Cao, executive]

Thank you, Lingling. Hello, everyone. Looking back on 2023, despite ongoing macro headwinds, we diversified our revenue streams with advertising and other revenues contributing 13.2% of our total revenue. Meanwhile, we successfully executed our cost-effective strategy, adjusting our live streaming business to prioritize healthy margins and prudently managing our costs and expenses to enhance our earnings. For the full year of 2023, we achieved an adjusted net income of RMB 154 million.Let's now look at our financial performance for the fourth quarter in more detail. Total net revenues in the fourth quarter of 2023 decreased by 22.9% year-over-year to RMB 1.3 billion. Live streaming revenues were RMB 1.02 billion, a decrease of 36.1% from RMB 1.6 billion in the same period of 2022. The decrease was primarily due to soft macroeconomic conditions and our deliberate reduction in revenue-generating promotions during the quarter. These factors affected the spending [ awareness ] of some new and price-sensitive paying users.Additionally, our strategic decrease in marketing spending led to a smaller user base, resulting in a year-over-year decrease in total paying users. In response to the soft consumer sentiment, we continued to offer lower-priced revenue products to maintain the spending habits of our mid to long-tail paying users, leading to a decrease in quarterly [ ARPU ].Our quarterly [ ARPU ] was RMB 278, down 4.9% from RMB 293 in the same period last year. Advertising and other revenues were RMB 275.2 million, a significant increase of 226.5% from RMB 84.3 million in the same period of 2022. The year-over-year increase was primarily driven by other revenues generated through our new innovative businesses, such as a game-specific membership service and a voice-based social networking service.Cost of revenues in the fourth quarter of 2023 was RMB 1.17 billion, a decrease of 21.8% compared with RMB 1.5 billion in the same period of 2022. Revenue sharing fees and content costs decreased by 30.3% to RMB 0.89 billion from RMB 1.27 billion in the same period of 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by 2 factors: first, the decrease in revenue sharing fees, which was largely in line with decreased live streaming revenues; second, the decrease in content costs, which was primarily attributable to improved cost management in our self-produced content and streamer payments. However, this decrease was partially offset by higher copyright costs related to the LoL World Championship Tournament.Bandwidth costs in the fourth quarter of 2023 decreased by 27.4% to RMB 100.5 million from RMB 138.4 million in the same period of 2022. The decline was primarily due to a year-over-year decrease in peak bandwidth usage.Gross profit in the fourth quarter of 2023 was RMB 126.2 million, compared with RMB 186.1 million in the same period of 2022. The decline in gross profit was primarily attributable to decreased live streaming revenues. Gross margin in the fourth quarter of 2023 was 9.7%, compared with 11.1% in the same period of 2022. The decrease in gross margin was mainly attributable to the increase in other costs and copyright costs as a percentage of revenues, which was partially offset by the decreased percentage of revenues attributed to revenue sharing fees.Sales and marketing expenses in the fourth quarter of 2023 were RMB 84 million, a significant decrease of 32.2% from RMB 123.9 million in the same period of 2022. This was mainly attributable to a decrease in marketing expenses for user acquisition, as well as a decline in staff-related expenses.Research and development expenses in the fourth quarter of 2023 were RMB 59.1 million, representing a 26.7% decrease from RMB 80.6 million in the same period of 2022. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in staff-related expenses.General and administrative expenses in the fourth quarter of 2023 were RMB 80 million, an increase of 45% from RMB 55.2 million in the same period of 2022. The increase was due to higher salary expenses associated with management position adjustments, increased expenses related to our organizational streamlining initiatives, as well as an increase in the provisions for assets. Loss from operations was RMB 120.4 million in the fourth quarter of 2023, compared with RMB 56 million in the same period of 2022.Adjusted operating loss, which [ adds ] back impairment loss of goodwill and intangible assets, was RMB 86.4 million in the fourth quarter of 2023, compared with RMB 56 million in the same period of 2022. Net loss in the fourth quarter of 2023 was RMB 62.2 million, compared with net income of RMB 41.8 million in the same period of 2022.Adjusted net loss, which excludes share-based compensation expenses, the share of income or loss in equity method investments, gain on disposal of investment, impairment loss of investments, and impairment loss of goodwill and intangible assets, was RMB 5 million in the fourth quarter of 2023, compared with RMB 4.3 million in the same period of 2022.For the fourth quarter of 2023, basic and diluted net loss per ADS were both RMB 0.19, while adjusted basic and diluted net loss per ADS were both RMB 0.02.As of December 31, 2023, the company had cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash in other non-current assets and short-term and long-term bank deposits of RMB 6.86 billion, compared with RMB 6.81 billion as of December 31, 2022.Moving forward, we are committed to enhancing revenue diversification, optimizing operating efficiencies, and prudently managing costs and expenses. By remaining agile in our responses to market dynamics and diligently executing our core growth strategy, we are confident we can overcome the short-term challenges and foster the long-term healthy development of our platform, while also delivering value to our shareholders.This concludes our prepared remarks for today. Operator, we are now ready to take questions.

[Operator]

[Operator Instructions] The first question comes from the line of Brian Gong with Citigroup.

[Brian Gong, analyst]

[Foreign Language] I'll translate it myself. With more games now can be live-broadcasted on DouYu's platform, how should we see the stability of our streamers and how should we see the future trend?

[Lingling Kong, executive]

So overall, our streamers remain relatively stable. We have exclusive cooperation agreements with our platform's top-tier streamers, securing stability throughout relevant contract terms. For core streamers whose agreements are about to expire, with the value market condition in mind, we actively engage in renewal discussion with them in advance. We comprehensively assess contract costs and operating efficiencies and selectively negotiate and renew contracts.Over the years, DouYu's game-centric content ecosystem has fostered a [ wild ] array of influential streamers. What I need to highlight here is for some of those have emerged as [ breakup ] streamers, begun their live-streaming journey as gaming streamers on DouYu. Their achievements underscore DouYu's prowess in nurturing and supporting streamers. Building upon our years of experience in gaming content operations, we have developed a sophisticated and effective mechanism for identifying and cultivating gaming streamers.Firstly, our platform offers streamers a multitude of content production options based on our commitment to content innovation and diversity. Secondly, our data analysis tools empower streamers with better insights into user needs and market dynamics, enabling them to fine-tune their live-streaming strategies, enhance quality, and boost efficiency. And unlike short video platforms, we provide our streamers not merely algorithm-based data insights, but also with customized resources and content support based on each streamer's unique characteristics. This approach grants streamers ample time for development while empowering them to grow.We are intensifying our focus on refined operations, on customizing our services and support to streamers across different tiers. To build on the existing influence of top-tier streamers, we continue to reinforce their brand presence and impact by enhancing streamer IP through high-quality content and strategic operations, channeling and driving traffic both within and beyond our platform. With mid-tier streamers, we mainly focus on increasing their visibility by inviting them to participate in our self-produced events and programs.Additionally, some of our original eSports player streamers have gained significant recognition and user [ acclaim ] through our core streamed live commentary programs during the broadcast of official tournaments. With our platform support, many have rapidly [ acceded ] to the top tier. For mid to long-tail streamers, our priority is to provide them with solid fundamentals that support their continued presence and space for growth.Over the past year, we have initiated incentive programs in various gaming segments, encouraging up-and-coming streamers to go live and actively engage with the audience so that they can secure relatively stable incomes. Drawing our insights from the ongoing data analysis, we also enable mid to long-tail streamers with more timely and customized content support. Apart from refined content operations, we will also offer more commercialization avenues for streamers through deeper cooperation with game developers. These will include game promotion and game [indiscernible], among other revenue-generating opportunities across various game [ genres ].Our endeavors will increase streamer income, sentimenting and elevating DouYu's value as a vibrant, game-centric content ecosystem. Top-tier streamers represent invaluable assets within the industry. As the live streaming sector matures, there is always competition over streamers' resources within legal compliance. Through DouYu's decade-long journey, we have continuously navigated this competitive landscape for high-quality streamers. Like I said, our advantages such as exclusive contracts and streamer nurturing programs are the cornerstone of our ongoing success within the competitive streamer market.Thank you. Next question, please?

[Operator]

[Operator Instructions] The next question comes from the line of Lei Zhang with Bank of America Merrill Lynch.

[Lei Zhang, analyst]

[Foreign Language] My question is about 2024's outlook. Can you give us more color on your strategy and the business plan in 2024?

[Hao Cao, executive]

Thank you for your question. As we mentioned in our prepared remarks, our 2024 plans and focus will revolve around the company's 3 core strengths: streamer, content, and the cooperation with game developers. Let me walk you through these plans one by one.In terms of streamer resources, our approach includes 3 key initiatives. Firstly, we will concentrate on our core streamer resources by enhancing streamer IP and fortifying IP operations. By managing and promoting streamer accounts both across and beyond our platform, we aim to bolster streamer appeal and drive increased traffic within our platform.Secondly, we will prioritize fostering gaming streamers and recruiting more eSports professional players. Thirdly, we will diversify our streamers' monetization avenues through cooperation with game developers.In terms of our content ecosystem, our goal is to elevate content ROI while upholding premium quality. We strive to balance overall content cost by optimizing the number of official eSports tournaments and self-produced gaming events.Additionally, we are delving into direct commercialization prospects for gaming event content, such as resources sharing and game [ profit ] sales to improve the ROI of our gaming content. Our advancements in both streamer and content are closely tied to our cooperation with game developers. We have now centralized our resources and planning efforts, shifting away from our past approach where each business unit independently provides collaborative proposals. By fully understanding our users' content and gaming needs, we can pursue more in-depth collaborations with game developers.Additionally, we are tailoring game promotions, operations and commercialization strategies for game developers based on each game's specific development stage. To facilitate more effective execution of our plans and amplify the scenery of our core [ strengths ], we began an organizational restructuring at the outset of 2024, particularly within business units related to our content ecosystem. We used to structure our content ecosystem business units around individual gaming projects with distinct teams under each business unit managing streamer operations, events and activities, and game developer cooperation.Our restructuring has enabled us to shift away from game-based operations and consolidate fragmented resources associated with gaming segments. Our internal communication channels are now more streamlined, allowing us to amplify our platform's collective strength.In short, our goals this year are to enhance compliance while improving content quality and the user experience. We are committed to diversifying revenue streams and continuously optimizing costs and expenses. In doing so, we can stabilize and promote long-term healthy platform growth amidst the continually evolving market dynamics. Thank you.

[Operator]

Excuse me, Lei Zhang, are you done with your question?

[Lingling Kong, executive]

Yes, next question, please?

[Operator]

The next question comes from the line of Raphael Chen with BOCI Research.

[Yiqun Chen, analyst]

[Foreign Language] I'm just wondering how does the management team evaluate the impact of some top-tier content games, such as Honor of Kings and League of Legends, being branded to stream on DouYu platform?

[Lingling Kong, executive]

So the user base of China's Internet and gaming sector is near saturation. In response, starting last year, Internet platforms started pivoting away from traditional traffic acquisition methods. Instead, they have been prioritizing core business operations and competitive strengths, improving operating efficiencies and foster cross-platform collaborations. So cross-platform content sharing is emerging as a strategic trend.We have actively embraced the trend of open content. We have focused on our core strengths to fortify business fundamentals, also diversified our business scope and models. Being mindful of competition risks while seizing diverse opportunities, we have been actively innovating our content offerings and fostering cross-platform collaborations.In addition to producing differentiated and appealing content integrating our streamers' unique characteristics, we also explored cooperation avenues with other platforms to expand our content ecosystem, launching joint promotions and collaborative initiatives powered by the premium content features on our platform.For example, we have been progressively piloting on partnerships with other platforms based on each party's top-tier exclusive streamer resources. We've been working on great complementary content synergies offering eSport live streaming users more premium content and more convenient viewing options. Additionally, in the second half of 2023, we started piloting content promotions on WeChat channels with selected streamers. These enabled streamers to sync their live streaming content on WeChat channels to improve their content visibility.Given the vast user base of short video platforms, we might encounter certain challenges in the short-term, particularly potential downward pressure in MAUs this year. We have proactively addressed these risks by leveraging our strengths. As part of our primitive measures, we deepened our operation around the gaming needs of our core users, including consistently rolling out high-quality content and operational activities and updating product features to fulfill diverse user needs.According to our data analysis so far, despite MAU declines, our platform's core user behavior matrix remained relatively stable. Moreover, leveraging insight from our prior commercial collaborations, marketing campaigns centered around game [ prompts ], including limited time [ sales ] during live streaming sessions and regular game membership services that not only contribute to revenue diversification, but also foster new user acquisition while deepening existing user engagement. Moving forward, we will continuously explore more operational models to solidify our core user base and to pursue opportunities to propel growth across our platform. Thank you.Operator, next question, please?

[Operator]

The next question comes from the line of Derek Tse with Morgan Stanley.

[Derek Tse, analyst]

[Foreign Language] We noticed that the company has made significant progress in the non-live streaming revenue in 2023. And you just mentioned earlier that diversifying revenue is one of the key focuses. Could you please share more details about the plans and the goals for the upcoming year?

[Hao Cao, executive]

In 2023, advertising and other revenues surged by 135% year-over-year with its revenue contribution increasing from 4.4% in 2022 to 13.2%. This remarkable growth was driven by revenues from our new revenue-generating models. Capitalizing our strengths in gaming content operations since 2022, we have been exploring diverse avenues for commercialization beyond the traditional virtual [ gifting ] model. The robust growth of gaming membership business and certain smaller innovative initiatives, such as our voice-based social networking service, both contributed to other revenues in 2023.In 2024, we plan to dive deeper into commercialization directly related to games. Given that the majority of our platform's core users are gamers, there is a clear demand for game [ prompts ] and new games which closely aligns with our platform's gaming content. Firstly, we will bolster and broaden the scope of gaming membership business, aiming to expand this service to more game genres. We plan to unveil new revenue-generating products and marketing strategies tailored to distinctive characteristics and player needs.Secondly, we will ramp up our focus on performance-based game promotions. We intend to pivot away from streamer-sponsored product placements and gradually transition to performance-based promotions, such as cost-per-sale model. Streamers will have the flexibility to select new games for promotion based on their expertise and audience preferences. The CPS model has been operational for some time now, yielding promising results with conversion rates surpassing market averages. Furthermore, our other smaller innovative businesses have shown promising momentum and are now making revenue contributions.While these ventures currently operate on a multi-scale, we will keep you informed of their progress and expand. Overall, we anticipate advertising and other revenues will grow year-over-year in 2024 with their overall revenue share exceeding 20%. Given the impact of macroeconomic factors and internal operational adjustments on traditional live-streaming business, we expect live-streaming revenue to experience downward pressure in 2024 as the overall revenue share from live-streaming remains significant.The rapid growth of our innovative businesses may have a comparatively limited effect on the company's overall revenue scale. Despite potential short-term growth pressure, as we fine-tune our core business, the company's financial remains solid and we continue to pursue breakthroughs in our innovative businesses. For example, in October 2023, we joined hands with Taobao and game developers to launch the game Shopping Bonanza on DouYu's official live-streaming channels on the Taobao platform, as well as live-streaming sessions on DouYu's platform, selling game [ prompts ] and gaming merchandise from popular mobile games like Genshin Impact, League of Legends, Dota 2, and CrossFire.Gamers showed considerable demand for those offerings. The result of this campaign proved that streamers have a substantial influence on gaming commercialization, unveiling vast potential opportunities. Moving forward, we will delve deeper into additional revenue-generating avenues within the gaming content value chain.Thank you. Next question, please?

[Operator]

The next question comes from the line of Thomas Chong with Jefferies.

[Thomas Chong, analyst]

[Foreign Language] I have two questions. My first question is, so we saw the year-over-year and quarter-over-quarter increase of regional expenses. So could we share the reason behind and how the management see the trend of operating expenses and the profitability in 2024? And my second question is about share buyback program. So we announced the share repurchase program and could we share our strategy on share buyback? And do we consider increasing the amount of buyback?

[Hao Cao, executive]

Thank you. I will answer the first question. There are 2 reasons for the year-over-year and sequential increase in operating expenses in the fourth quarter. First, at the onset of 2024, we announced organizational restructuring that will allow us to better respond to market dynamics and continually optimize the company's operating efficiency. As part of our staff were aligned to managerial functions, a portion of their salaries was allocated to administrative expenses in the fourth quarter, resulting in an increase in employee salaries and administrative expenses.We also incurred some one-time personnel costs as part of our ongoing workforce optimization efforts. These were part of our preliminary organizational structure adjustments and we anticipate further workforce adjustments in the first quarter of 2024.Second, we made provisions for bad debts of doubtful account receivables. The combination of these one-time expenses caused part of the increase in operating expenses for the fourth quarter and our goal of long-term sustainable growth throughout 2023. We adjusted our revenue and marketing strategies while continuing to make ROI-driven decisions and consistently optimizing our cost structure. These coordinated efforts resulted in a 28.7% year-over-year decrease in operating expenses for the full year of 2023.Importantly, we successfully transformed losses into gains at the adjusted net profit level heading into 2024. Our focus remains on enhancing our diversified commercialization capabilities across the platform while maintaining stringent control of our operating expenses. We are dedicated to upholding the company's financial stability in order to navigate complex and evolving macroeconomic dynamics.Let me answer your second question about buyback. We have been overcoming challenges arising from a blend of macroeconomic conditions and operational aspects. The company's Board of Directors and Interim Management Committee are fully committed to addressing these challenges [ head-on ]. As part of our strategic initiatives, we announced a share repurchase program on December 28, 2023, on which we plan to repurchase up to [ USD 20 million ] of the company's ordinary shares through ADS purchases. This initiative highlights our confidence in the value of the company as well as our commitment to enhancing shareholder returns. We are currently in the initial phase of implementing our share repurchase program.Future adjustments to the program may be made based on the company's strategic priorities and ongoing reviews of market conditions. Beyond returns, the foundation of enhancing shareholder value lies in the company's fundamental business operations. We have proven our business model is a [ indiscernible ] [ one ] and strongly believe in the company's long-term growth potential.Management's primary focus remains on executing our business strategies, identifying opportunities amidst challenges and propelling the company toward long-term sustainable growth. Throughout this journey, we will continue to show up our fundamentals, providing regular updates on our business operations and share repurchase program. Thank you.Operator, please.

[Operator]

That's all the time we have for questions. I will now turn the call back over to management for closing remarks.

[Lingling Kong, executive]

On behalf of our Interim Management Committee, we thank you for joining our call. We look forward to speaking with everyone next quarter.

[Operator]

The conference has now concluded. Thank you for attending today's presentation. You may now disconnect.