Carlyle Secured Lending Inc

NASDAQ:CGBD

Earnings Call Analysis

Robust Earnings and Confident Dividend Outlook

Carlyle Secured Lending experienced a fruitful end to 2023 amidst market volatility, reporting a net investment income increase of 8% from the previous quarter to $0.56 per share. The Board declared a first quarter 2024 dividend increase to $0.48 per share, bolstering the yield to an appealing over 12%. The NAV improved slightly to $16.99 per share, with a small net gain of $0.5 million in the quarter. Nonaccruals are expected to improve following a successful portfolio recapitalization. This positive momentum is supported by a stable base rate environment and a diverse, resilient portfolio, enabling a forward earnings expectation at or above $0.50 per share, alongside a sustainable dividend policy complemented by a new floating supplemental dividend construct.

An Uptick in Carlyle Secured Lending's Financial Performance Amid Market Volatility

Despite the market's unpredictability in 2023, Carlyle Secured Lending (CSL) experienced an uptick in its financial performance. Increases in base rates have favorably impacted CSL's net investment income, which reached $0.56 per share, an 8% increase from the previous quarter and representing a 13% annual yield based on year-end net asset value (NAV).

Dividend Growth and Portfolio Stability

CSL's Board of Directors declared a first-quarter dividend of $0.48 per share, demonstrating confidence in the firm's portfolio and strategy. This total dividend is a blend of a new $0.40 base and an $0.08 supplemental dividend, following a 9% raise from the previous $0.44 per share. Improved dividend coverage and a substantial 25% growth of the base dividend since 2022 highlight CSL's earnings power and portfolio stability.

Forward Earnings Outlook and Dividend Policy

Looking ahead into 2024, CSL anticipates stability at the $0.50-plus earnings level, maintaining a conservative and disciplined approach to leverage. The management team expresses high confidence in not only meeting but also exceeding the new $0.40 base dividend and continuing the issuance of supplemental dividends each quarter.

Conservative Investment Approach in a Demanding Market

Amid high market demand for private credit, CSL emphasizes sourcing transactions with strong equity cushions, judicious leverage levels, and robust documentation. Through disciplined underwriting, prudent portfolio construction, and conservative risk management, the firm has delivered attractive new originations, managed a stable portfolio, and reduced nonaccruals, contributing to its strategic success in 2023. The team upholds delivering a nonvolatile cash flow stream to investors as a key commitment.

Earnings Call Transcript 2023-Q4

[Operator]

Thank you for standing by, and welcome to the Carlyle Secured Lending, Inc. Fourth Quarter 2023 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] As a reminder, today's program is being recorded. And now I'd like to introduce your host for today's program, Daniel Hahn, Shareholder Relations. Please go ahead, sir.

[Daniel Hahn, executive]

Good morning, and welcome to Carlyle Secured Lending's Fourth Quarter 2023 Earnings Call. With me on the call this morning is Aren LeeKong, our Chief Executive Officer; and Tom Hennigan, our Chief Financial Officer.

Last night, we filed our Form 10-K and issued a press release with the presentation of our results, which are available on the Investor Relations section of our website. Following our remarks today, we will hold a question-and-answer session for analysts and institutional investors. This call is being webcast, and a replay will be available on our website.

Any forward-looking statements made today do not guarantee future performance, and any undue reliance should not be placed on them. These statements are based on current management expectations and involve inherent risks and uncertainties, including those identified in the Risk Factors section of our annual report on Form 10-K. These risks and uncertainties could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated. Carlyle Secured Lending assumes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements at any time.

With that, I'll turn the call over to Aren.

[Aren LeeKong, executive]

Thanks, Dan. Good morning, everyone, and thank you all for joining. As has become custom, I will focus my remarks on 3 topics for today's call. First, I'll provide an overview of the fourth quarter and full year 2023 financial results. Next, I'll touch on the current market environment. And finally, I'll conclude with a few comments on the quarter's investment activity and portfolio positioning.

Starting off with earnings. We continue to see our financial performance benefit from the higher base rate environment. In the fourth quarter, we generated net investment income of $0.56 per share, which is an increase of 8% from the prior quarter and represents an annual yield of 13% based on 12/31 NAV. This continues to trend upward from last quarter and the LTM period.

As a result of our continued execution of our strategy, the quality of our portfolio and our confidence in the future, beginning this quarter, we are increasing the base dividend by $0.03 from $0.37 to $0.40 per share. Our Board of Directors declared a total first quarter dividend of $0.48 per share, consisting of our new base dividend of $0.40 plus an $0.08 supplemental, a total increase of 9% compared to the prior quarter and an increase of 8% on the base dividend.

Our net asset value as of December 31 was $16.99 per share. That's up $0.13 or approximately 1% from the September 30 period primarily as a result of our Q4 earnings outpacing our dividend.

Turning now to the market environment. 2023 was defined by market volatility, slow private equity capital formation and muted M&A activity for most of the year. For context, private equity deal activity and M&A activity were down significantly in '23 compared to '22 and '21, though there was a pickup in M&A activity in the fourth quarter.

With this backdrop throughout the year, our investment team leveraged the breadth and depth of the OneCarlyle platform to drive value in the evolving market environment by generating significant volume across our existing portfolio of borrowers and Carlyle's broad sourcing network. Leveraging our incumbencies allowed us to source transactions where we had diligence and information advantages, and existing portfolio companies accounted for approximately half of our deal closings during the year.

Our flexible origination capabilities enabled us to source transactions from the lower end of the middle market at $25 million of EBITDA and opportunistically all the way up to $450 million of EBITDA in the last year. That includes sponsored and nonsponsored companies across North America and Europe.

Outside of our core middle market strategy, we leveraged the OneCarlyle network to source complementary, differentiated specialty lending transactions within the asset-based and recurring revenue markets. These trends were evident throughout the year and continue with fourth quarter origination activity.

We continue to be pleased with the overall credit performance of our existing portfolio, with revenue and EBITDA up quarter-over-quarter and since inception. Compared to the prior year, portfolio company revenue and EBITDA both expanded by an average of approximately 13% and compared to the prior quarter, 1% and 3%, respectively.

Nonaccruals were stable in the fourth quarter. And as Tom will discuss in detail later, we expect these levels to improve in the coming quarter. Tactical origination activity, strong credit fundamentals and the current rate environment drove record income for CGBD.

Despite the rising base rate environment over the last 2 years, we have been intentionally conservative with our dividend through the cycle. In our view, our new dividend policy, which Tom will expand upon later, provides a sustainable base dividend along with a transparent framework for supplemental dividends that will enable investors to better anchor their expectations.

Lastly, I'd like to spend a few minutes on current positioning. Our portfolio remains highly diversified and is comprised of 173 investments in 128 companies across over 25 industries. The median EBITDA across our portfolio at the end of the quarter was $76 million. The average exposure in any single portfolio company is less than 1%, and 95% of our investments are in senior secured loans.

I will now hand the call over to our CFO, Tom Hennigan.

[Thomas Hennigan, executive]

Thanks, Aren. Today, I'll begin with a review of our fourth quarter earnings, then I'll discuss portfolio performance, and I'll complete with detail on our balance sheet positioning. As Aren previewed, we had another strong quarter on the earnings front. Total investment income for the fourth quarter was $63 million, up about $2 million from the prior quarter. This increase was driven by the continued positive impact of base rates and an increase in both other income and OID acceleration, which were aided by prepayment activity.

Total expenses of $34 million were flat versus prior quarter. Of note, total interest expense was up modestly as base rates stabilized during the quarter. The result was net investment income for the fourth quarter of $28 million or $0.56 per share, up nearly 8% from the prior quarter. And this level represents an all-time high for core NII in any quarter.

Our Board of Directors declared the dividends for the first quarter of 2024 at a total level of $0.48 per share. That's comprised of the new $0.40 base dividend plus an $0.08 supplemental, which is payable to shareholders of record as of the close of business on March 29. This total dividend level reflects an increase of 9% over the previous $0.44 per share and reflects the earnings power and stability of our portfolio despite a complex macroeconomic environment.

Our base dividend coverage of 140% for the quarter remains above the BDC peer set average. And we've grown the base dividend by 25% since 2022. At the same time, the total dividend level also represents an attractive yield of over 12% based on the recent share price.

In terms of the forward outlook for earnings for the rest of 2024, we see stability at this $0.50-plus level based on the latest interest rate curves and our current conservative positioning on leverage. Despite rising rates, we've maintained a conservative, disciplined approach that we believe will enable us to continue consistent dividend payout in a variety of rate environments, including when rates normalize.

So we remain highly confident in our ability to comfortably meet and exceed our new $0.40 base dividend and continue paying out supplemental dividends each quarter. And going forward, we're going to shift to a floating supplemental dividend construct and target paying out at least 50% of excess earnings through the supplemental dividend, which will allow us to be flexible as the portfolio evolves and base rates fluctuate.

On valuations, our total aggregate realized and unrealized net gain was about $0.5 million for the quarter, supported by a slight net positive movement in valuations. This increase in valuations combined with Q4 earnings exceeding the dividend resulted in our NAV increasing from $16.86 to $16.99 per share.

Turning to the portfolio. We continue to see overall stability in credit quality across the book. Similar to last quarter, there were no new nonaccruals and no additions to our watch list, which are deals with risk ratings 4 or 5.

Total nonaccruals were effectively flat quarter-over-quarter, and we're very pleased to report that Dermatology Associates was successfully recapitalized in early February with the lenders taking equity control. So we expect an improvement in nonaccruals when we report March results. We continue to proactively manage the portfolio and are working with sponsors to ensure borrowers have adequate liquidity.

You'll see that PIK interest ticked up over the course of 2023. In almost all cases, when we provided PIK relief for existing borrowers, that was accompanied by significant equity support from the sponsor.

I'll finish by touching on our financing facilities and leverage. We continue to be well positioned on the right side of our balance sheet. Leverage is down quarter-over-quarter, and we're intentionally running leverage conservatively at the lower end of our target range to maintain the flexibility to invest in attractive opportunities.

Statutory leverage was about 1.2x, and net financial leverage ended the quarter modestly lower, right about 1 turn, the lowest level since early 2022. This positioning allows us to remain opportunistic as the macroeconomic environment evolves and deal activity looks to pick up in 2024.

With that, I'll turn it back to Aren.

[Aren LeeKong, executive]

Thanks, Tom. I would like to finish by highlighting the consistency of our investment approach and reiterate our overall investment strategy. We are primarily focused on making senior secured floating rate investments to U.S. companies backed by high-quality sponsors primarily in the mid-market.

Market demand for private credit remains high. And we continue to focus on sourcing transactions with significant equity cushions, attractive leverage levels, strong documentation and attractive spreads relative to not only the current market but also historical originations through our disciplined underwriting, prudent portfolio construction and conservative approach to risk management.

With attractive new originations, a stable portfolio and reduced nonaccruals, we benefited from continued execution of our strategy in 2023 and remain committed to delivering a nonvolatile cash flow stream to our investors through consistent income and solid credit performance.

I'd like to now hand the call over to the operator to take your questions, and thank you so much.

[Operator]

[Operator Instructions] And our first question comes from the line of Bryce Rowe from B. Riley.

[Bryce Rowe, analyst]

Wanted to maybe piggyback on some of the prepared comments there around a potential pickup in activity. We've heard that from other BDCs. And if you could kind of just help us think about what that might look like, especially relative to the leverage profile of your balance sheet at this point. I mean you've noted that you're at one of the lowest leverage points in quite a while. So just kind of want to understand how that could evolve over the course of '24.

[Aren LeeKong, executive]

Yes. So -- and as usual, you asked a question that probably has multifacet. So when we think of leverage, I'll just start there, that's -- and Tom then should hop in a bit like, but that is a sort of multivariable topic.

So one, we're able to, in today's market, originate loans that at S plus 6 plus. I think last year, the average loan in CGBD was probably around S plus 650. The team here will tell me if I'm off by a few basis points.

You're able to actually pay out that sustainable and nonvolatile cash flow stream, which is actually the ultimate product of any BDC without being overlevered. And Bryce, you and I and the team have talked about this behind closed doors many times. The goal here isn't to run hot just for the sake of being the best, but the goal here is to pay out that nonvolatile cash flow stream.

So for us, the leverage is really just a function of the rest of the strategy. So the -- in terms of a pickup in -- and I'm just going to the fourth quarter. So there was a pickup in transactions in the fourth quarter, and then the first quarter has actually been stable to the fourth quarter. The reality though is our first question isn't, hey, how do we do 10 more deals? Our first question is, is the incremental transaction that we're doing -- right, you and I have talked about this behind closed doors, is it going to improve the current portfolio, period.

So when we think about whether we have to take up leverage, we think about how an uptick in volume impacts the fund, the first question isn't, oh, how many more deals can we do? The first question is, how do we actually create the cleanest, most nonvolatile cash flow streams that we can? So that can -- is leverage going to stay down at 1 turn forever? No, we don't mean it to, but in this market based on our current base returns, we actually have the benefit of being able to do that.

And same token that I'm sorry for -- if this doesn't perfectly get your question, hopefully, it's getting around it. Even if deal flow picks up, effectively that I'd rather the biggest funnel to be able to choose the best deal. So I'd rather always see more deals but -- just because originations and see more transactions has picked up, again, my product and our team's product to you and the Street, and this is kind of the strategy we try to execute is how do you create a clean portfolio that kicks off the cash flows that you all can predict. Is that helpful?

[Bryce Rowe, analyst]

Yes, for sure. Appreciate it. Definitely gets to the meat of the question. And maybe a follow-up for Tom, since you talked about it in the prepared remarks, the Dermatology Associates investment crystallized here in February, as you noted. Can you talk about what the mechanics of that might look like in the first quarter, given that you were actually carrying at a fair value mark above cost?

[Thomas Hennigan, executive]

Right. So the new capital structure, like the similar structure, is going to have 2 tranches of debt, the first out and the last out. And then you'll see there will be a new equity tranche on our SOI.

One important note is in the aggregate, our total fair value will be, our crystal ball right now, is roughly unchanged. So total fair value is not going to change very much. It's just there'll be different instruments, and there'll be more value moving from what is now our last out on nonaccrual to an equity tranche, and then there'll be more debt on accrual status in those new tranches. So net-net, positive impact on a quarterly but full quarter basis of about $0.01 per share.

[Bryce Rowe, analyst]

Okay.

[Thomas Hennigan, executive]

No impact on fair value, but -- and nonaccruals going down materially with that transaction in the aggregate being removed from nonaccrual status.

[Bryce Rowe, analyst]

Yes. Okay. Got it. And then maybe last one for me. You all have swapped out the fixed rate for a floating rate on the baby bonds. Maybe an obvious answer from you all, but just any thought around why do that as opposed to just keeping a fixed rate there?

[Thomas Hennigan, executive]

Bryce, with the 8%, when we're looking at our maturities at the end of '24, we wanted to be measured and not put all our eggs in one basket and wait for the market to rebound. So we consider this kind of step one in addressing those upcoming maturities. 8.2% for the market was a good rate, but candidly, not a rate we wanted to stick with for any long-term amount of time.

So felt the right thing to do would be to swap that to floating, certainly seeing the likelihood that base rates are going to come down. So over time, paying much less than the 8.2%, and that's at least where the rate curves are going to go. That's what we anticipate happening with that instrument.

[Bryce Rowe, analyst]

Yes.

[Thomas Hennigan, executive]

And in terms of the next step is we're going to look to do potentially an index-eligible deal, whether it be later in '24, early '25, increase our overall unsecured debt exposure. That's something that we'll be -- we're working on and looking, we'll say, in the -- over the course of the next year.

[Operator]

[Operator Instructions] And our next question comes from the line of Finian O'Shea from Wells Fargo Securities.

[Finian O'Shea, analyst]

So Aren, I appreciate the portfolio cover as it relates to the core middle market strategy and opportunistically partaking in the larger market and/or ARR deals. So in these instances, does that mean the direct lending platform that serves the BDC under you is opportunistically doing other styles? Or is it that the BDC complex is claiming this deal flow from other Carlyle credit verticals?

And then second part there, are you still dedicated to the core middle market? Or are you drifting upmarket by design?

[Aren LeeKong, executive]

So let me start from the first question, which is a great one. So our knitting is core middle market. So if you think about the -- for our entire platform, that's a great question. If you think about the median EBITDA of a company that we lend to, it's about $76 million.

With that said, we have a pretty big -- and this is all within direct lending and the private credit business. We have a large origination footprint. So for us, when I think and the team thinks about direct lending, my ultimate goal, and I'm going to go back to the previous question is we're putting together a big portfolio with the average position being less than 1%. So my ultimate product is the cash flow stream that kicks out.

So in the first half of last year, when there were a lot fewer transactions to be had, it was the first time in many years where, quite frankly, the terms on the upper part of the market, so well north of $100 million of EBITDA, we were able to get spreads that were on top of the mid-market. So call it, 675, 700. We're able to get covenants, and we were able to get terms that were the same.

So from a risk standpoint, in the first half of the year, opportunistically, we're able to do direct lending. And we had to make a choice for our investors what is the safe -- what is safer if I can get similar terms, similar protections and similar spread to the mid-market and actually have the protection of a much larger business with -- who historically hasn't had those covenants and hasn't have those protections, we opportunistically went upmarket.

By the second half of the year, and you and I have talked about this behind closed doors as well as the upper part of the market got a little bit more crowded, CLO bid came back, significant retail flows went into other direct lending strategies and to some of our peers, we skewed back down to the core mid-market. So -- and that core mid-market, again, I've defined as somewhere between $25 million and -- in the second half of the year, probably $25 million to $75 million.

The point on ABL strategies, we do have a team focused on asset-backed lending. And when we think about asset-backed lending, it is to core middle market companies. But as opposed to being structured as a cash flow loan, we are literally thinking about our downside protection being true assets, receivables, cash, et cetera, real estate.

And then we have, obviously, a very big software practice who also reports with -- up to me. And that team opportunistically has done some ARR deals. We are, quite frankly, been probably less exposed to ARR than some of our peers.

But again, my goal and this doesn't sound -- this is going to sound sexy. My goal is how do you get overpaid for taking less risk? So again, we're focused on direct lending. Once in a while, if I can go upmarket, if that market is dislocated, we do it, and we did it first half of last year. Today, we're probably more focused on the mid-market though, opportunistically, we do go upmarket if something is attractive. Hopefully, that answers the question.

[Finian O'Shea, analyst]

Yes, very much. And to get back to Dermatology Associates. Sorry if I missed any of this part of the dialogue, but it sounds like you just took control or received control. But this, of course, had been a long challenged credit, where you had restructured the debt somewhat previously. So can you give some more color on the state of the investment now?

Do you plan to put more money into it or maybe immediately bring in a new sponsor partner? And then has the EBITDA trajectory stabilized? Or is it still in decline?

[Thomas Hennigan, executive]

So let me tackle the last part first because that's one of my favorite questions or answers. That company has exhibited 12 consecutive quarters of EBITDA growth, steady performance, continued upward trend, modest increases every quarter, but 12 quarters in a row coming out of the pandemic of EBITDA increases.

In terms of the future, it's stable growth. We're not looking to shoot for the fences and get -- and put in material new dollars to grow it. We're going to now as the new equity group assess the right time to exit the investment, we're going to invest prudently. We don't have any grand plans. The company's performance, it's stable and improving, and we'll look at the right time to exit the investment.

[Aren LeeKong, executive]

And Fin, it's a good question. I think where we are in the cycle, we here at, call it, direct lending spent a lot of time a year-plus ago, I think it was behind the scenes, looking at our processes, figuring out exactly how to be prudent and more careful in terms of, again, being proactive in situations that were teetering.

So I would say that we're kind of -- we're not in the first inning of that for our portfolio. We're close to the end of the game and we're -- we have full control of it. I think a lot of our peers are just on the front end of that.

So for us, part of the boring stuff is you're not going to -- Tom is not going to be in front of the Street, like we are today saying, "Hey, we've turned the corner" without those 12 consecutive quarters of positive numbers.

So for us, the key isn't -- the key is to making sure that we have a clean portfolio when we come to you, and we're being conservative. So we feel pretty good about where things are.

[Operator]

[Operator Instructions] And our next question comes from the line of Arren Cyganovich from Citi.

[Arren Cyganovich, analyst]

A question on maybe just the competitive dynamics as the activity increased.

[Aren LeeKong, executive]

Hey, Arren, do you mind -- we can't -- you're a little muffled.

[Arren Cyganovich, analyst]

I'm muffled. Sorry. Is it better?

[Aren LeeKong, executive]

Sure.

[Arren Cyganovich, analyst]

Sorry about that. I guess from a competitive standpoint, as activity is increasing or hearing spreads are tightening a bit, how is that changing, I guess, relative to maybe 3 or 6 months ago?

[Aren LeeKong, executive]

Yes. I've listened to a few of our peers' calls, and that seems to be a common question. So I've been saying this a lot recently. This time isn't different. Usually when you're getting outsized returns just what we learned in Economics 101 as capital comes in to try to attract those outsized returns, and that's what gets the spreads to go back to normal.

I would say that relative to first quarter and first half of last year where -- and again, I'm giving you directional numbers. I actually don't have them off the top of my head. So the average deal we're seeing was probably close to 675, 700, that's not normal.

So relative to an abnormally wide spread and, quite frankly, a very high base rate where base returns were going to be 13%-plus, things have come in significantly since then. I'd say at the upper end of the market, if you are talking about a transaction that is north of $100 million and could easily be considered for the BSL market in a previous life, those transactions have certainly gone from north of 600 to somewhere between the larger end 500 and up to 550.

For a regular way direct lending deal that is mid-market, what we're seeing is somewhere between 550 and 625 on average. So those have come in. With that said, with base rates still where they are, you are achieving sort of a historic level of return without much leverage.

And what you haven't seen or at least we've been -- we try to be disciplined here. But what you're seeing on the upper part of the market, certainly, covenants have look a lot or covenant -- the existence of covenants looks a lot more like the BSL market there. So there's a lot more cov-light in the upper end of the direct lending market.

In the regular way mid-market, I'd say more times than not, you're seeing your covenants, and then the documentation is still holding in. I'd also say what else is holding in is leverage levels. So just because of the overall -- even if spreads have come in, you're still talking about a [ 5.30 ] base rate, give or take.

So the average leverage level that we're seeing hasn't really increased much. You're still talking about low 5s and in some cases, high 4s. So you're still seeing a fairly low amount of leverage.

So what I'd say is dependent on where you are and this goes to the previous person's -- the previous analyst's question, that's why we're opportunistic as to where we play. There are certain times -- certain parts of the market that are much more competitive and aggressive. And we at times avoid those so that we can actually get overpaid in other parts of the market.

I would say the larger market is probably the most competitive today. What I'd state is that things are -- and that's why we're being a little bit more opportunistic. The mid-market, I think you're seeing a little bit more value there, more likelihood of covenants, more likelihood of stronger documentation. And I'd say for all of the market, not just the mid-market, I'd say the leverage levels are continuing to be lower than historical leverage levels. Does that work, Arren?

[Arren Cyganovich, analyst]

Yes. Perfect. And then just a quick one on your other income. I think you said that, that was up kind of quarter-to-quarter due to prepayment activity happening. We see more prepayment fees. Do you expect that your other income might -- you move back to more of your longer-term historical in this kind of environment? Or would that be expected to come back down kind of where it was over the past 3 preceding quarters?

[Thomas Hennigan, executive]

Hey, Arren, it's Tom. When we look at other income or event-driven income, we look at a combination of total OID acceleration plus other income. And that line item generally will move based on repayments, amendment activity. And historically, that has been a little under $4 million per quarter.

Earlier in '23 based on lower prepayment activity, it was lower in a couple of quarters. It was more like $3 million per quarter, even less than $3 million. This quarter, that combined number was about $4.5 million.

So relative to the historical trend, it was about $0.5 million, about $0.01 higher than the historical trend line. It was a pop versus the rest of 2023, which was abnormally low. So you have a pop for 20 -- for the fourth quarter, but only about $0.01 higher than the historical average.

[Operator]

[Operator Instructions] And our next question comes from the line of Melissa Wedel from JPMorgan.

[Melissa Wedel, analyst]

Most of mine have already been asked and answered. I wanted to follow up on one of the slides in particular with the risk rating distribution. This is a really -- it seems like an aside, given how strong it seems like the fundamental performance is of companies across the portfolio broadly. But I did notice a very small tick up in 3- and 4-rated portfolio companies.

I guess the question is, to the extent that you are seeing portfolio companies with any particular challenges, where is that coming from? Is it still inflationary pressures? Is it labor cost? Curious what you're seeing.

[Aren LeeKong, executive]

So maybe I'll start, and Melissa, thank you for the question, and Tom, hop in. So risk ratings -- and just so you have it, we -- behind these risk ratings, we have 3 or 4 other processes that we run to ensure that we have our arms around everything.

The overarching theme I'd give you, though, is sometimes when we're moving things from 2 to 3, 3 to 4, it is less a function -- certainly if it's a 5, there's a function of there are serious issues. But in many cases, Melissa, it's more of a function of us ensuring that we are putting the appropriate level of resources around Carlyle on names well ahead of when something goes well.

So I think one of the issues that we've forgotten in direct lending sometimes is if something is wrong, if you are managing your book and you actually are looking at your numbers and you designed the documentation correctly, you have 12 months, 24 months, long ahead of time to start preparing.

So I'll start that with the slight movement from 2s -- or from 3 to 4, that's generally going to be, particularly if a slight, not fire alarms, that's generally going to be us saying "Hey, we want more resources to look at a name or 2."

Then the last piece I'll tell you is relative to a year ago. A year ago, a lot of what we're seeing was inflationary trouble. So you would have heard us a year ago when we had our issues in the health care space and then took care of them. We've taken care of them at this point. A lot of that was about inflationary pressures.

This past year, if you look at our overall portfolio, and then I'll hand it to Tom, the inflationary theme may still be there in small parts. But I think our average business was up about 13% in revenue and just a little bit north of that in EBITDA.

So you are -- by definition, revenue and EBITDA are either growing in line. And as of late, EBITDA is outpacing that. So I'd say, a year ago, the inflationary theme was the conversation. Today, not as much.

And by the way, Melissa, I'd tell you like a year ago, it was a theme. Today, not as much. Today, it's changed so much that we -- you and colleagues in the analyst field, one of the other questions no one's asked is what's your view on forward interest rates. So think about the fact that we're asking -- we're talking about interest rates being cut and on the same call asking about inflationary pressure. So I think we turned that corner generally, knock on wood, on our portfolio. Tom, what did I miss?

[Thomas Hennigan, executive]

When I say specific to the changes in the risk ratings this quarter or the dollars on the page, that 4 category is 2 loans, 2 positions that contributed to the fair value increase. One is dermatology, which has continued to inch up every quarter.

The other is Pro-PT, which is now called Bayside. That's the other deal that's on nonaccrual with value that again improved. So it's slightly up. So that's before movement this quarter. That's a positive, our 2 deals on nonaccrual with the value actually going in the right direction.

In the 3 category, that increase of about $15 million was driven primarily by 2 deals. When I say that 3 category, it means to Aren's point, we're focused on it. Risk has increased probably for those particular credits. Leverage is up. EBITDA is likely down from when we closed. But importantly, we're not worried about losing money. And so we're focused on it, but we're really not worried about losing money.

The particular themes for those deals, one is consumer discretionary deals. We don't have very much in the portfolio, but we've seen lower demand in consumer-driven businesses and then across our industrials book, just destocking and one of the credits just had -- we've had a couple of credits in the book, and that was one of the downgrades, just the general destocking in the current environment. So those are a couple of themes I've mentioned in terms of -- as we're looking at deals that migrates from that 2 to 3 category.

[Aren LeeKong, executive]

But much more -- relative to a year ago, where everything was inflation, now just more idiosyncratic, and we're on top of it. Does that help, Melissa?

[Melissa Wedel, analyst]

Got it. That's very helpful. It's very helpful.

[Aren LeeKong, executive]

Thanks for joining the call.

[Operator]

This does conclude the question-and-answer session of today's program. I'd like to hand the program back to Aren LeeKong for any further remarks.

[Aren LeeKong, executive]

Thank you, operator. Everyone, thanks for joining. We look forward to talking to you later in the day. We appreciate your partnership, and talk to you next quarter.

[Operator]

Thank you, ladies and gentlemen, for your participation in today's conference. This does conclude the program. You may now disconnect. Good day.