Alkermes Plc

NASDAQ:ALKS

Earnings Call Analysis

Strong Year and Positive Outlook for Alkermes

Alkermes ended the year with robust financial health, reporting notable growth in its proprietary products: VIVITROL sales grew by 6% to $400.4 million, ARISTADA by 8% to $327.7 million, and LYBALVI saw a significant leap by 100% to $191.9 million. Total revenues reached $1.5 to $1.6 billion for 2024, with manufacturing and royalty revenues more than doubling to $743.4 million, driven by long-acting INVEGA products. The efficient operational focus bore fruit with GAAP net income from operations at $519.2 million and non-GAAP at $396.5 million. Alkermes expects costs to be reduced across all categories in 2024, with a COGS of $230 to $250 million and R&D expenses of $225 to $255 million alongside a focus on investment in LYBALVI and other innovative neuroscience products. The effective tax rate will be approximately 17%, and the company is set to start Phase II trials for ALKS 2680, focusing on narcolepsy. A share repurchase program of up to $400 million affirms future confidence, highlighting a year poised for significant growth and profitability.

Continued Growth Across Key Product Lines

In the year under review, our company recorded growth across various proprietary products. Importantly, VIVITROL net sales reached $400.4 million, showing a solid 6% increase year-over-year. This was complemented by an 8% increase to $327.7 million in the ARISTADA product family, and a notable 100% jump in LYBALVI sales to $191.9 million. The upward trend extended to our manufacturing and royalty business, which saw revenues more than double to $743.4 million from $332.0 million in the previous year.

Investment in Growth and Operational Streamlining

To support these growing sales, there was a modest increase in cost of goods sold, which rose by approximately $35 million year-over-year to $253.0 million. Despite this, R&D expenses remained constant at $270.8 million, a reflection of our focused investment in neuroscience development programs including ALKS 2680, among others. SG&A expenses rose by $99 million due to investments made in launching LYBALVI and certain nonrecurring legal expenses. Our operational efficiency efforts bore fruit, as indicated by a net tax benefit of $97.6 million owing primarily to the partial release of a valuation allowance. This tax event stems from our reorganization, particularly the separation of the oncology business, and denotes confidence in our sustained profitability.

Future Revenue Expectations and Expense Management

Looking ahead, we anticipate revenues for 2024 to range between $1.5 billion to $1.6 billion, with net sales of proprietary products expected to surpass $1 billion, led by LYBALVI. These projections account for the foreseeable expiration of the INVEGA SUSTENNA royalty. As for expenses, we forecast a drop in cost of goods sold to between $230 million and $250 million, and reduced R&D expenses of $225 million to $255 million due to the refined company focus post the oncology separation. Anticipated R&D spend accommodates the progression of ALKS 2680 into Phase II trials for narcolepsy. SG&A expenses should range between $625 million and $655 million, underpinning the launch of LYBALVI and continued support for VIVITROL and ARISTADA. Our financial outlook suggests an effective tax rate of around 17% for 2024, with a range of projected GAAP net income between $350 million to $390 million, EBITDA between $445 million and $485 million, and non-GAAP net income between $465 million and $505 million.

Capital Allocation and Strategic Focus for Growth

Our capital allocation approach is integral to driving growth. As a neuroscience-focused company, our capital is primarily allocated towards maximizing our current commercial products, with LYBALVI leading the charge. We're disciplined in our R&D investments to cultivate new neuroscience candidates, like ALKS 2680, and enforce rigorous stage gates and success criteria. Additionally, we are open to bolstering our portfolio with external assets that align with our strategic direction. The board recently approved a substantial $400 million share repurchase program, evidencing confidence in the health and cash-generating ability of the business. Driving this strategy forward, ALKS 2680's accelerated progress into Phase II trials for narcolepsy type 1 signals our commitment to innovation and meeting unmet medical needs.

Earnings Call Transcript 2023-Q4

[Operator]

Greetings. Welcome to the Alkermes Fourth Quarter 2023 Financial Results Conference Call. My name is Rob, and I'll be your operator for today's call.

[Operator Instructions] Please note, this conference is being recorded. I'll now turn the conference over to Sandra Coombs, Senior Vice President of Investor Relations and Corporate Affairs. Sandy, you may begin.

[Sandra Coombs, executive]

Thank you, Rob. Good morning. Welcome to the Alkermes plc conference call to discuss our financial results and business update for the quarter and year ended December 31, 2023.

With me today are Richard Pops, our CEO; Todd Nichols, our Chief Commercial Officer; and Blair Jackson, our Chief Operating Officer, who will be reviewing our financial results and expectations; while our Chief Financial Officer, Iain Brown, is on medical leave.

During today's call, we will be referencing slides. These slides, along with our press release, related financial tables and reconciliations of the GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures that we'll discuss today are available on the Investors section of alkermes.com. We believe the non-GAAP financial results in conjunction with the GAAP results are useful in understanding the ongoing economics of our business.

Our discussions during this conference call will include forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from these forward-looking statements. Please see Slide 2 of the accompanying presentation, our press release issued this morning, and our most recent annual and quarterly reports filed with the SEC for important risk factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements.

We undertake no obligation to update or revise the information provided on this call or in the accompanying presentation as a result of new information or future results or developments.

After our prepared remarks, we'll open the call for Q&A.

And now I'll turn the call over to Richard for some opening remarks.

[Richard F. Pops, executive]

That's great. Thank you, Sandy, and good morning, everyone. So 2023 was an eventful and productive year at Alkermes, one in which we repositioned the company and established a strong foundation for growth. We had an ambitious agenda last year, and we successfully achieved the major goals we set for ourselves.

We entered 2023 in arbitration with J&J, and prevailed in that matter decisively, which reinstated significant cash flows to us, strengthened our balance sheet and enabled us to raise our financial expectations.

We had another pending matter relating to VIVITROL's patent protection, which we also resolved on favorable terms. We entered the year with a goal of generating critical decision-making data for our orexin 2 receptor agonist, ALKS 2680 in a multifaceted Phase I program. We were successful in doing that, generating narcolepsy type 1 data that support advancing into Phase II in NT1 this year.

We completed the separation of our oncology business, which is a major milestone for the company, freeing resources and focusing our R&D efforts in neuroscience. We delivered on a significant element of our multiyear initiative to drive operational efficiency by announcing the sale of our Athlone, Ireland GMP manufacturing facility, and that transaction is expected to close midyear.

And we also met our goal of continuing to drive our top line revenue from proprietary products, including the continued strong launch of LYBALVI.

Through these accomplishments, we emerge as a pure-play neuroscience company. Today, Alkermes can be characterized by 3 distinctive attributes. First, a commercial business, with revenues over $1 billion, driven by 4 core products, all developed by Alkermes. Second, proven development capabilities with an advancing neuroscience pipeline. And third, an efficient operating structure that positions the business for sustained profitability and significant cash generation.

So with that as an intro, I'll turn the call over to Todd to review the commercial performance.

[C. Nichols, executive]

Great. Thank you, Rich, and good morning, everyone. I'm pleased to share that we achieved strong year-over-year growth of 18% across our proprietary commercial portfolio in 2023 as we executed our commercial strategy for each of our 3 proprietary products, and continue to demonstrate the operating leverage we are able to capture with our commercial infrastructure.

Starting with LYBALVI. LYBALVI was the fastest-growing oral atypical antipsychotic in the fourth quarter and for the full year. We launched LYBALVI 2 years ago with a broad, differentiated label that includes both schizophrenia and bipolar 1 disorder. In its second full year of launch, LYBALVI generated net sales of $191.9 million.

For the fourth quarter, net sales increased 11% sequentially to $56.2 million, driven primarily by demand. Prescriptions grew to approximately 46,700 TRxs for the fourth quarter, reflecting 11% sequential growth.

During the quarter, inventory in the channel increased slightly, reflecting a normalization from lower levels at the end of Q3 and typical seasonal purchasing patterns. Gross to net adjustments widened to approximately 29% due to higher Medicaid utilization and certain onetime adjustments related to prior periods.

In disease areas, it's a complex and competitive schizophrenia bipolar 1 disorder, new medicines need to establish their place in the treatment paradigm through health care provider experience. We recently shared data from a long-term Phase III open-label extension study in which patients with schizophrenia or bipolar 1 disorder treated with LYBALVI for up to 4 years demonstrate stability in their symptoms, minimal changes in their body weight, lipid and glycemic parameters and a safety profile that was consistent with what we had seen in previous studies. The data highlight the potential utility of LYBALVI is a foundational maintenance treatment option for people living with schizophrenia or bipolar 1 disorder, and we look forward to sharing more data from the study at upcoming medical meetings.

Looking ahead, in 2024, we expect LYBALVI net sales in the range of $275 million to $295 million. For the first quarter of 2024, we expect net sales growth to be fairly flat to Q4 due to typical seasonal patterns, with more robust growth resuming in Q2.

Turning to the ARISTADA product family. In 2023, ARISTADA net sales grew 8% year-over-year to $327.7 million. ARISTADA net sales in the fourth quarter grew 5% year-over-year to $83.4 million, driven primarily by demand growth of approximately 5% on a month of therapy basis.

For 2024, we expect ARISTADA net sales in the range of $340 million to $360 million as we continue to emphasize ARISTADA's differentiated value proposition, including its once every 2-month dosing option and ARISTADA INITIO initiation regimen, both of which are supported by clinical data from our ALPINE study.

Moving to VIVITROL. In 2023, VIVITROL net sales grew 6% year-over-year to $400.4 million, driven primarily by unit growth. VIVITROL net sales in the fourth quarter were flat year-over-year at $102.4 million. During the year, VIVITROL growth was driven primarily by the alcohol dependence indication, which accounts for approximately 75% of the volume. Growth in alcohol dependence indication was partially offset by erosion in opioid-dependent indication.

As we look ahead, we expect these market dynamics to persist and expect VIVITROL net sales in the range of $410 million to $430 million for 2024. Alcohol dependence is an important growth opportunity, and our team remains energized about driving awareness and uptake in that underserved disease area.

In 2024, we expect to achieve an important milestone for the company by generating more than $1 billion in proprietary net sales. Each of our proprietary products provides important contributions to the growth of the company, and we are focused on executing across the portfolio and are optimistic about the opportunities ahead.

With that, I will pass the call to Blair.

[Blair Jackson, executive]

Thank you, Todd. In 2023, we successfully executed our strategy to position the business for sustained profitability and growth. Our financial results for 2023 reflect a number of onetime factors, such as back payments and reinstatement of the long-acting INVEGA royalties, onetime legal expenses associated with the Janssen arbitration and the settlement of the VIVITROL patent matter, and most notably, the separation of the oncology business, which had operational, financial and tax consequences.

As a result of the completion of the separation in November, oncology-related expenses incurred during the year qualify as discontinued operations. Expenses and our bottom line results inclusive of these discontinued operations are fully outlined in our press release issued this morning.

That said, today, I'll focus on continuing operations as those results are more relevant to the financial profile of the company going forward. Across the business in 2023, we work to streamline and position the company for future growth. With the moving pieces I mentioned now behind us, we have clarified and strengthened the financial profile of the business, and we believe we are well positioned to execute on our strategy as a pure-play neuroscience company.

Over the next few minutes, I'll take you through the details of our 2023 results, then turn to our 2024 financial expectations.

Our 2023 financial results reflect strong performance of our core neuroscience business. We generated total revenues of nearly $1.7 billion, driven primarily by our proprietary product portfolio, which grew 18% year-over-year.

From a bottom line perspective, we recorded GAAP net income of $355.8 million compared to a GAAP net loss of $158.3 million in the prior year, and a non-GAAP net income of $243.7 million compared to $57.9 million in 2022.

Turning to our proprietary products. For the year, we recorded VIVITROL net sales of $400.4 million, reflecting 6% growth year-over-year. Net sales of the ARISTADA product family increased 8% to $327.7 million in 2023, driven by unit growth. And LYBALVI net sales increased 100% year-over-year to $191.9 million.

Moving on to our manufacturing and royalty business. For the year, we recorded manufacturing and royalty revenues of $743.4 million compared to $332.0 million in the prior year. Revenues from the long-acting INVEGA products were $486.1 million compared to $115.7 million in the prior year, reflecting the reinstatement and back payment of royalties related to these products in 2023. Revenues from VUMERITY were $129.3 million compared to $115.5 million in the prior year.

Turning to expenses for full year 2023. Cost of goods sold related to continuing operations were $253.0 million, reflecting a year-over-year increase of approximately $35 million, driven by the increase in net sales of proprietary products.

R&D expenses related to continuing operations were $270.8 million and flat year-over-year, reflecting focused investments in our neuroscience development programs, including the ALKS 2680 clinical program and support activities for our proprietary products.

SG&A expenses related to continuing operations were $689.8 million in 2023. The increase of $99 million as compared to the prior year was primarily related to investment in the launch of LYBALVI and nonrecurring legal expenses.

During the year, we recorded a net tax benefit of $97.6 million, driven primarily by the partial release of a valuation allowance related to our Irish net operating loss carryforwards in the fourth quarter. This is a onetime adjustment due to the separation of the oncology business and our expectation of sustained profitability going forward. More detail can be found in our press release issued this morning.

During the year, we undertook significant work to streamline our operations and enhance the growth and profitability of the business going forward. While this work was underway, we continued our focus on operational efficiency and generated strong profitability and cash flows, with GAAP net income from continuing operations of $519.2 million, non-GAAP net income from continuing operations of $396.5 million, and EBITDA from continuing operations of $486.3 million.

Turning to our balance sheet. We ended the year in a strong financial position with $813.4 million in cash and total investments, and with total debt outstanding of approximately $290 million.

Looking ahead, we expect the business to continue to generate significant cash flow. In addition, upon the closing of the sale of our Athlone, Ireland manufacturing facility to Novo Nordisk expected later this year, Alkermes will be entitled to a onetime cash payment of $92.5 million for the facility and related assets, subject to customary adjustments in accordance with the purchase agreement.

I'll shift now to our financial expectations for 2024. These expectations were outlined in the press release and 8-K issued this morning.

Starting with the top line, we expect total revenues for 2024 to be in the range of $1.5 billion to $1.6 billion, and expect net sales from our proprietary products to exceed $1 billion, reflecting continued growth of our proprietary products, led by LYBALVI.

Our total revenue expectations for the year also reflect the previously disclosed expiration of the royalty related to the U.S. sales of 1 month INVEGA SUSTENNA in August of 2024.

In terms of expenses, our expectations for 2024 reflect reduced spend across all line items due to the separation of the oncology business, other 2023 nonrecurring expenses and our continued focus on efficiency and profitability. Cost of goods sold are expected to be in the range of $230 million to $250 million.

R&D expenses are expected to be in the range of $225 million to $255 million, reflecting a decrease of approximately $150 million compared to 2023 as a result of the separation of the oncology business. This level of R&D spend accommodates initiation of the ALKS 2680 Phase II program in narcolepsy as well as preclinical work to advance additional orexin compounds in other disease areas and support activities for our portfolio of proprietary products.

SG&A expenses are expected to be in the range of $625 million to $655 million, reflecting investments in the launch of LYBALVI and appropriate levels of support for VIVITROL and ARISTADA.

With our enhanced profitability profile, we expect an effective tax rate of approximately 17% in 2024. We expect GAAP net income to be in the range of $350 million to $390 million, EBITDA in the range of $445 million to $485 million, and non-GAAP net income in the range of $465 million to $505 million.

With a proprietary product top line is expected to exceed $1 billion this year, a sharpened strategic focus and an operating structure that we've carefully calibrated to support the needs of the business going forward, we believe we have positioned the company for significant growth and profitability.

I'll now hand the call to Rich for a broader discussion of our capital allocation strategy.

[Richard F. Pops, executive]

That's great. Thank you, Blair.

So Alkermes now joins a small group of biopharmaceutical companies that have successfully developed and secured regulatory approval for novel medicines, effectively commercialize them and generated significant profitability and cash flow.

With that distinction, our capital allocation strategy takes on new importance. Our capital allocation decisions are guided by a framework designed to drive near and long-term growth, and it starts with focus. Alkermes is now a pure-play neuroscience company, with demonstrable and leverageable commercial and scientific expertise.

Our first priority is to maximize the potential of our current commercial products with the most intense investment currently deployed to support the growth of LYBALVI. These investments are designed to drive growth over the near and medium term.

Second, we'll invest in our pipeline to develop and advance new neuroscience candidates that can drive significant value, including ALKS 2680 and additional earlier-stage programs. Investments in R&D are made with discipline and rigor and with predefined stage gates and success criteria for each program, with an emphasis on early translational clinical data.

Third, beyond our internal efforts, we will explore external opportunities to expand the portfolio with assets that are a strong strategic fit. In these efforts, we plan to prioritize commercial assets to leverage our infrastructure and capabilities as well as development candidates that align with our expertise and fit within our core neuroscience focus.

And the fourth element of our capital allocation strategy is to prudently return excess capital beyond our organic and inorganic growth needs to our shareholders.

As Blair mentioned, looking ahead, we expect the business to continue to generate significant cash flow. This week, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program for up to $400 million, which we plan to deploy opportunistically over the next several years.

With the significant work and accomplishments of 2023 behind us, we now set our sights on building the company for the future. Augmenting the pipeline will be a key strategic priority for the business this year. We gravitate toward development programs that align with our expertise, and where there's a strong biological rationale, challenging molecular design, a clear clinical pathway with early proof of concept, and importantly, in this intense payer environment, the potential to significantly advance the standard of care for patients.

ALKS 2680 represents one such opportunity. The data in patients with narcolepsy type 1 from our Phase Ib study were compelling, and supported the acceleration of the program into Phase II. Study start-up activities are underway now, and we're on track to initiate next quarter.

For narcolepsy type 2 and idiopathic hypersomnia, we are in the process of completing enrollment of the Phase Ib study cohorts. Data from these cohorts will inform dose selection for a potential Phase II study. The Phase II program for ALKS 2680 will be conducted at multiple sites around the world, and we're working to initiate them as quickly as possible.

2024 is set to be an exciting and important year for the company, enabled by the significant work over the past several years to reposition the company. And we look forward to updating you on our progress, and we appreciate the continued support of our shareholders.

And with that, I'll turn the call back to Sandy to run the Q&A.

[Sandra Coombs, executive]

Great. Thanks, everyone. Rob, we will now open the call for Q&A, please.

[Operator]

[Operator Instructions] And our first question today will be coming from the line of David Amsellem with Piper Sandler.

[David Amsellem, analyst]

Just a couple. So first, Richard, what do you make -- I'm sorry, cutting out, Takeda not moving forward with the TAK-861 in NT2. My understanding is that they capped the dose due to some concerns about liver tox.

I guess, the question here is, just picking your brain, what do you make of that? And what does that mean for 2680? And then secondly, regarding dosing in NT2 and IH. Can you just remind us what that looks like for 2680 relative to NT1? Any changes there in your thinking?

[Richard F. Pops, executive]

David, thank you for the question.

So the premise going into a study of narcolepsy drug like 2680, orexin 2 receptor agonist in NT2 is that the dosing will have to be significantly higher than in NT1. On the order, we reckon between 2x to 3x to 4x, but what you would see -- our assumption is 2x to 3x with 2680.

So it's not surprising to us that Takeda, with the update they gave in early January, that they might not have enough dosing flexibility to move beyond NT1 into that higher dose range necessary for NT2. So it wasn't particularly surprising, and we were actually encouraged to see that they had strong results in the NT1 cohort, sort of reaffirming the pharmacology that we're all seeking to exploit in this therapeutic class that's emerging.

With 2680, we are testing in NT2 and IH, and we remain blinded in those as we complete the enrollment. We are testing just that at 2x to 3x from the doses that you saw in NT1. And when -- because of the work we did in the healthy volunteers, we feel comfortable going up to those doses and higher, if necessary, but we'll wait to see the data to see exactly how that translates into patients with NT2 and IH.

[David Amsellem, analyst]

And then your view regarding your competitor?

[Richard F. Pops, executive]

With respect to them in NT2 or NT1?

[David Amsellem, analyst]

Yes. In NT2. I mean, I guess the question is, are you just -- is this a class where you're just seeing these drugs behaving markedly differently from one another. And in that vein, it's hard to sort of make comparisons from one molecule to another? Is that the way we should think about it?

[Richard F. Pops, executive]

I think that's exactly the way we look at it. I think that fundamentally, we believe that these molecules are -- because it demonstrates significantly different clinical properties, and we've seen that already bearing out with the Takeda program, with the [ Jazz ] program, with our program.

And so at this point, our underlying assumptions with respect to the potential efficacy in NT2 are unchanged by the Takeda result. And in fact, as I said earlier, given the limitation of their dosing or fear of the liver toxicity, and we weren't surprised to see that outcome.

Now it remains -- what we have to show now is that we have efficacy and tolerability in that NT2 and IH cohort, in the same way we do with the NT1. So the first data we showed at World Sleep were confirmed by the full cohort. Now we'll get the similar first data from the IH and NT2 cohorts when we unblind in a few weeks.

[Sandra Coombs, executive]

Rob, I think we're ready for the next question.

[Operator]

The next question will be coming from the line of Akash Tewari with Jefferies.

[Akash Tewari, analyst]

So Rich, how concerned is your team that 2680 efficacious doses in NT2 patients will induce insomnia, given these NT2 patients have [indiscernible] levels that aren't as imperative NT1, and the half-life of 2680 is about 8 to 10 hours?

And any sense on when patients will be taking the medication in your Phase II trials, right? Are there any protocol adjustments you can make to maybe help with that concern?

And then on LYBALVI, what is the cost of the LYBALVI DTC program in your 2024 guidance? And what's your internal ROI hurdle to justify its continued investment?

[Richard F. Pops, executive]

So Akash, I'll take the first one. So one of the things we like about 2680 is the dose proportionality that we've seen along with the half-life. So as you -- and you saw that in the NT1 cohort, where as you escalate from 1 to 3 to 8, you actually saw increased wakefulness and increased duration thereof.

So we are, as I said in my -- our original hypothesis with respect to the PK and the dosimetry in NT2 is unchanged. It only changes in the face of data, which we're on the threshold of obtaining.

So insomnia, just to be clear, as an AE, it's actually an indicator of efficacy. And so obviously, if you had -- if you had persistent insomnia at a dose, the solution would be to lower the dose. And I think in so doing, you mitigate whatever concerns you would have about that.

But we'll see that in the patient because you're entirely right. They have a much different background for superimposition of an orexin agonist than an NT1 patient where there is none, whereas in the NT2 IH patients, there are detectable levels of orexin, and just that the signaling thereof is not normal.

[C. Nichols, executive]

Yes. And in terms of LYBALVI for our DTC program, thanks for the question. As you might remember, we launched our pushback campaign, which is our DTC campaign, our full campaign last year, our digital assets launch at the beginning of '23, and then we actually went on [ linear ] TV, on TV at midpoint in Q2.

And we're really pleased so far with just the overall response to the program from HCPs, but also from patients. It's a really important part of building awareness. I mean, it's an important part of our marketing mix, just as driving demand with physicians and also within market access.

I think the best way to look at the overall effectiveness right now is just looking at new patient starts. So NBRxs continue to grow. We saw nice growth in Q4 with NBRxs. And then we're starting to see a shift in the mix of new patients that are going more towards bipolar than schizophrenia. So in the fourth quarter, NBRxs for bipolar patients represented about 56%. So that's a -- it's a nice gradual shift that we're seeing, and we think that our DTC campaign is driving a lot of that shift.

All of the leading indicators, what -- it's a key point that we keep watching, which is awareness levels with HCPs and patients, utilization of our digital assets, website visits are all heading in the right direction. Grant rates, when patients walk into the office, requesting the product, HCPs are granting the product.

So everything in our view right now is hitting in the right direction. So our plan is to continue that in 2024.

Now, for competitive reasons, I'm not going to get into all of the details of that, but I will let you know that we watch this every single quarter. We make adjustments every single quarter, and our plan is to fully maximize and activate patients in '24.

[Operator]

Our next question comes from the line of Paul Matteis with Stifel.

[Paul Matteis, analyst]

Congrats on the guidance and the expense discipline.

That was kind of what I wanted to ask about in light of your comments, Rich, on [indiscernible]. When you look at the margins, it looks like you're meeting or potentially exceeding your goals here.

Where do you see margins going over time? Like what's kind of your goal? Are there peer company targets that you're thinking of? And how could doing business development spending more money on the R&D side, issuing any debt, if that could be in the cards, sort of play into the whole context of where you think the P&L structure is going here over the next 2 to 3 years?

[Richard F. Pops, executive]

Paul, thanks for the question. I'll start and then if Blair has any color, please provide it.

Our view now is that we've transformed the company, and it's taken a few years to do it. But now we enter 2024, and I think the guidance reflects it now in 2 ways. One, 2023, the complexity of the '23 cleanup, by 2024, how clean it is. Our view at the Board level, management levels, we're going to be a sustained, profitable company from here on out. So we'll guide on an annual basis with respect to how we expect to manage the business. But we think we can drive profitability, pipeline expansion and prosecuting 2680 and its derivatives aggressively in the clinic.

Obviously, we'll monitor the top line each year. As that grows, we accommodate to the expense line in light of how the revenue line is growing. But we see sustained profitability, cash flow generation and pipeline expansion all going forward.

Blair, anything to add?

[Blair Jackson, executive]

The only thing I'd add, Paul, is that we also, as you mentioned, we have a very clean balance sheet, and that provides us optionality as we move forward and we can be opportunistic as need be.

[Operator]

Our next question is from the line of Jessica Fye with JPMorgan.

[Unknown Analyst]

This is [indiscernible] on for Jess Fye. Two questions from us. The 2024 guidance reflects really nice cost control on operating expenses. Is this sort of run rate we should expect the company to roughly maintain over the next few years? Or if not, how should we think about that?

And then secondly, on 2680, can you confirm whether any visual disturbances have been observed in any of the NT2 or IH patients dosed so far?

[Blair Jackson, executive]

Great. Well, this is Blair. I'll take the first question with regard to the operational expenses.

So you're right, we've spent a long time over the last couple of years really looking carefully at our cost structure and managing that across the organization. And we plan on being very disciplined as we move forward.

That being said, as the business continues to grow, we will be growing those lines in line with that business, investing in research and development, investing in our key products. But I think you can envision, as Rich said, that we're going to maintain a healthy profitability margin moving forward in the foreseeable future.

[Richard F. Pops, executive]

And with respect to 2680, we've not released any data on the NT2 IH as we remain blinded.

[Operator]

The next question is from the line of Chris Shibutani with Goldman Sachs.

[Unknown Analyst]

This is Charlie on for Chris. Maybe shifting back over to LYBALVI, I had a question just regarding where LYBALVI ended up for fiscal year '23? I seemed to recall, earlier in the year last year, hearing commentary that LYBALVI was trending towards the upper end of fiscal year '23 guidance. And now we're seeing that we came in more towards the middle of that range. Just wondering what may have changed over the course of the year and whether there are implications that we need to keep in mind when we look at the fiscal year '24 guidance?

And then just as a quick follow-up, I was wondering if we could hear some commentary around how the team sees the schizophrenia market potentially changing with the potential approval of KarXT from Karuna later this year?

[C. Nichols, executive]

Yes, absolutely. So I'll take those questions as well. So for the full year 2023, LYBALVI net sales were $191.9 million overall. You might remember, in Q3, we saw a little bit of softness overall due to some inventory draw down, and also some seasonality with patient visits.

We do see a nice recovery of that into Q4, which led to 11% TRx growth. Overall, the full year of 2023 was really a demand-related story. So demand grew over 100% year-over-year, which we're really encouraged with. And that's very supportive of all of our market research, when we talk to HCPs, they're seeing a lot of utility for LYBALVI right now, not only within bipolar disorder, but also within schizophrenia.

In terms of new competitors -- entrants into the marketplace, this is something that we watch very closely overall. There is the potential that KarXT could be approved sometime later this year. The way we think about that is, that's a product that would be approved in one of our indications, which is on schizophrenia. I think it's important to remember that LYBALVI basically has an equal contribution from -- from TRxs from bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. So there's broad utility overall within the product.

We also really believe in talking to HCPs as well, that the -- one of the most important attributes is efficacy in the marketplace. So any product, that would be KarXT, if they were to come into the marketplace and really want to discuss and strengthen the overall perception in schizophrenia and efficacy, we think that's a good thing, and we actually think that's a good thing for LYBALVI.

But overall, the last couple of years, we've built a really sophisticated commercial infrastructure. And regardless of any new entrants coming into the marketplace, we're ready, and we're ready to compete.

[Operator]

Our next question comes from the line of Jason Gerberry with Bank of America.

[Jason Gerberry, analyst]

Coming back to 2680, Rich, I'm wondering if you can comment at all just how to think about the NT2 data update versus when we get the NT1 update, just given the patient level variability. This seems like probably the data update on the MWT might inherently be a little noisier than the NT1 update, but just wondering if you can provide any perspective on that?

And then I guess, is there a dose level with NT2 that you just don't want to go beyond? Is it 5x? Is it 6x? Just wanted to get your sense. It seems like at least from Takeda's prior commentary, there's sort of a hypothesis around exposure and not wanting to trigger liver toxicity on a dosage based hypothesis. So just curious sort of if there's a threshold that you don't want to exceed in the NT2 IH setting?

[Richard F. Pops, executive]

Yes, Jason, I think that's a thoughtful question. I think that in NT2, the pretest hypothesis, we remain blinded as exactly as you described. These people -- in contrast to NT1, where there is sleep latencies, the first data set that we presented were all under 5 minutes. What we'll expect to see with NT2 and IH or sleep latencies that range from the low end, somewhere around that, up to 20 minutes or so in a 40 minute test. That's the inherent variability.

So what we're looking for is actually the ability to change that latency in a dose-dependent fashion with an acceptable tolerability profile. So we don't expect each patient to be quite as uniform in the responses we saw in NT1, but we do expect to be able to affect wakefulness and do so in a way at doses that are clinically acceptable and well tolerated. So that's what we'll see when we unblind the data.

We're only testing in a fixed regimen that we established our priority. The same thing we did with NT1. Remember, NT1 we chose in advance 1, 3 and 8 milligrams to test, and each patient received all 3 of those doses or placebo in a randomized sequential fashion. We picked a range of doses, three or -- two or threefold higher for the NT2 and IH, we're doing the same thing.

So we happen to find that dose range pretty much dead on for the NT1s. We could be dead on for the NT2s. We could be too low, we could be too high, we could have unacceptable tolerability, we could have beautiful tolerability, we just need to see the data.

But the only answer to your question, we're not worried about going higher than the doses we selected our priority. We'll just need to see the data and decide whether we need to make that adjustment. But remember, in the healthy volunteers, we escalated to 50 milligrams without declaring a maximum tolerated dose, and without seeing cardiovascular or any other signals.

The final point is that the liver toxicity that you see is not -- we don't believe that's a dose-dependent phenomenon for the class. We believe that, that is a phenomenon that's dose dependent for that particular molecule, and won't be generalizable to orexin receptor agonist in general.

[Jason Gerberry, analyst]

Got it. And Rich, if I could squeeze a follow-up, and is there a driving requirement in your Phase II that you're planning? I know it's one question we've gotten from investors, just regarding visual disturbance and if there'll be a driving requirement in that [indiscernible] protocol?

[Richard F. Pops, executive]

You will not be required to drive. That's a joke. No. What we will be doing is we will be doing visual assessments just as a matter of precaution to make sure we understand, if there are on-target visual effects at any dose, that's something we want to investigate in Phase II.

[Operator]

Our next question is from the line of Charles Duncan with Cantor Fitzgerald.

[Charles Duncan, analyst]

Congrats on a strong execution, transformative '23.

I had quick question on the pipeline and then one on LYBALVI. On the pipeline, regarding 2680. I guess, I'm wondering if you can provide any more granularity on the timing or -- and/or the design of the Phase II in NT1? And just a perspective on your view of NT2 versus NT1 in terms of being important for transforming the treatment of narcolepsy?

[Richard F. Pops, executive]

Yes. Thank you for the question. This is Rich.

So the Phase II design in NT1 is a very actually straightforward parallel design for [ arm ] study. So we'll randomize patients after a 2-week washout of their existing medications to 1 or 4 arms. A dose of 2680 at 4, 6 or 8 milligrams or placebo, and we'll evaluate them over a 6-week period. That will be -- that's where the primary efficacy assessment maintenance of wakeful test will be assessed. And then there will be a subsequent safety extension that all patients will move on to.

So the primary endpoint will be the maintenance of wakefulness test, along with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and we'll be also capturing cataplexy rates in the NT1 patient population.

As an aside, if we're successful in NT2, we expect the NT2 study to look very similar with -- there's not cataplexy in NT2 patients, but the basic architecture, the parallel design, 6-week study, looking at 3 doses and placebo, makes sense to us for NT2. But as I said, when we get the data, we'll look at the data.

I think that starting at the core of the bullseye, NT1 is a deficiency of orexin. So reintroducing an orexin agonist into that blank profile, we and others have shown now that we can drive meaningful wakefulness and clinically intolerable dosage form.

I think NT2 is more empirical and as is IH. And that differential diagnosis between the 2 is fairly fluid. But as I mentioned before, the expectations, we will require higher doses, and also that the dose response curve in shifting -- that the tolerability curve has shifted as well, meaning they can -- patients can tolerate higher doses because they're not as sensitive to the orexin agonist as the NT1. But we'll see that with human data.

Commercially, if these drugs meet the profile that we and others hope to have, I think they could transform the treatment of NT1. That, by itself, is a major medical and commercial innovation.

If it extends to NT2 and IH, there's 2 implications of that. First is that it's a much bigger market set, obviously. But number two, it indicates that patients even with an existing orexin background, we can affect their wakefulness, which opens up potential opportunities for other orexin agonist products in other therapeutic indications outside of narcolepsy. So we're quite interested in seeing those data for those reasons.

[Charles Duncan, analyst]

Makes sense. Appreciate the color. Quick question on LYBALVI, a year into this or a little bit more in terms of growth. Is growth being driven by [indiscernible] brand or persistence that perhaps exceeds your expectation? How do you view the refills and persistence on the drug?

[C. Nichols, executive]

Yes. Absolutely. It's a really, really important question. I would say, overall, the dynamics across all those 3 are really healthy right now. First, if we just look at Q4, we just finished this quarter, overall TRx demand was 11%, which was really encouraging. If you look at it for the full year, over 100%. And again, both of those metrics led the branded category at year 2, which is great.

And so -- and it's very consistent with what we hear in our market research. HCPs tell us that they're finding a lot of utility for the brand that patients they have on the product are having a good experience, and they are planning to expand their utilization. So qualitatively, that's a good sign.

We also look at persistency rates in terms of refills. We look at this in terms of claims level data. And it's been very encouraging as well there. Right now, we're seeing persistency levels that are consistent with the branded category and better than olanzapine.

And then I'll just kind of reinforce again. You heard in my prepared remarks the [ A308 ] data that was just released, that we're going to be discussing at some medical meetings this year. That's some really important information. Those are patients that have been on the product long term for approximately 4 years. They're showing durability of efficacy. They're showing durability of the low weight gain, and also the metabolic profile as well, too. So that's going to reinforce the persistency levels that we're expecting long term.

[Operator]

Our next question is from the line of Umer Raffat with Evercore.

[Umer Raffat, analyst]

So we know Takeda obviously decided not to move forward in narcolepsy type 2. And it seems like that might have been because they don't want to go above doses of 10 milligrams with 861.

I realize the upcoming data for you is single dose. And I wonder, how are you thinking about dose of 15 to 20 milligrams for narcolepsy type 2 and IH, knowing some of the visual disturbance observations at those levels previously?

[Richard F. Pops, executive]

I don't know if you heard my earlier responses to questions on this, but I'll give you our current view.

Our hypothesis with respect to NT2 versus NT1 is driven by our own experience as well as the experience of predecessor compounds in the clinic. So we expect to shift the dose response curve, both in terms of tolerability as well as efficacy, meaning we expect to dose and we're testing doses that are 2x to 3x higher. We expect also the tolerability profile to shift along with that. So we'll learn as we get the data unblinded, how that plays out.

But as I mentioned before, our expectation is that there'll be a lot more variability in the NT2 patients in terms of their baseline sleep latency in the MWT test. And so what we're looking for is can we shift that in a dose-dependent manner at doses that are well tolerated. So that's what the test is designed right now, and a single exposure across multiple doses, it allows us to see both dose response as well as durability of that response across the MWT, which we run every 2 hours over a 10-hour period during that -- in that study. So it's a data-rich format that you saw in the NT1 being replicated in the NT2s.

So we feel like the tolerability profile that we established in the [indiscernible], where we didn't declare a maximum tolerated dose at 50 milligrams gives us a lot of flexibility to dose. So we've picked these doses of priority to study in NT2 and IH. When we unblind those, we'll see whether we have those correct, whether they're too low, too high or whether they're not tolerable at any dose to drive meaningful wakefulness. But our pretest hypothesis is that we should be able to drive wakefulness in at a dose that's acceptably tolerable. But that theory will be replaced by data very soon.

[Umer Raffat, analyst]

Got it. And Rich, is it reasonable to assume -- and I know there's been some discrepancy in how [indiscernible] looked at visual disturbances versus the Alkermes view. Is it your opinion that those visual disturbances are not a gating factor in your opinion at going to doses like 20 milligram?

[Richard F. Pops, executive]

So let's establish the first principles. First principles are that we saw some evidence of visual disturbances in healthy volunteers at doses above 15 milligrams. They were all mild or moderate. They were self-resolving. They were so self-limiting. So a patient might -- and what we meant specifically by visual disturbances was blurriness of vision or photosensitivity or photophobia, which categorized differently, other people have reported hallucinations and things like that. We've not reported that. We reported these visual disturbances in the healthy volunteers. We also reported, we did not see them in the full NT1 cohort that we tested at 1, 3 and 8 milligrams.

So our view is to the extent that one saw visual disturbances that we saw in the [indiscernible], i.e., mild, transient, self-limiting, that would not be limiting for the drug. And if they're dose-dependent, it'd be interesting to correlate them to the extent they present, which we haven't seen them present yet, to the extent they presented, are they dose dependent, i.e., is there a wakefulness threshold that is much earlier than anywhere where you might see a small transient visual disturbance.

So I think there's just a lot more science that needs to be done here to figure out. Could it be on target? Absolutely. But we'll know more. And that's -- I think the Phase II will be really instructive in this because here, in that study, we'll be dosing consecutively daily for 6 weeks, and we'll be picking up all of these AEs.

And the final point I'll make is what we've heard from the thought leaders is that, be careful about determining your AE profile based on single doses because patients accommodate these drugs over time and their reported AEs will change with the passage of time. And so we'll see a full data set when we complete the Phase II.

[Operator]

Our next questions come from the line of Marc Goodman with Leering Partners.

[Marc Goodman, analyst]

Two questions. First, can you talk about LYBALVI and the gross to net? Just review how you're thinking about it for this year and whether we should be expecting that to continue changing over the next couple of years, just the strategy there.

And then also, secondly, on VIVITROL, just a little more color on what is happening with the opioid dependents versus the alcohol dependents, maybe just from the quarter and your expectations this year? I mean, is opioid declining completely? Or is it just -- are they both growing, one is growing a little faster? Just help us with that.

[C. Nichols, executive]

Yes, absolutely. So I'll take both of those. First, gross to net with LYBALVI. So for Q4, gross to net was approximately 29%. The increase was driven by higher Medicaid utilization and some onetime events. Our expectation going into the year is that it should be relatively stable at this point. So that's what we're expecting for the full year. I will say as well that we're in constant discussions with payers, and to the extent that we do sign some additional agreements that gross to net would widen. But the expectation for 2024 is that it would be in the upper 20s.

In terms of VIVITROL right now, we're seeing really strong growth with our alcohol dependence strategy. And that's, as you know, is the largest part of the market, more than 24 million Americans. We did see some headwinds in Q4 for opioid dependence, but that's really a subnational phenomenon. So it's state dependent. It's setting of care dependent. So there was a little bit more of a decline overall for that indication, but the alcohol dependence is actually offsetting that.

So our strategy is, again, is 75% of all the volume of the units are coming through from alcohol dependents. And we've been transforming VIVITROL over the last several years. And our strategy is to continue to really go after that very large addressable market and really drive the brand through alcohol dependence.

[Operator]

The next question is from the line of Ash Verma with UBS.

[Ashwani Verma, analyst]

Great. So I have 2 on LYBALVI. First one, can you update us where you are on the LYBALVI commercial contracting? I think previously, like during the second half of last year, you said that you were looking at expanding presence in more commercial plans? Just where we are in this process?

And then second, so for LYBALVI, there's still a little bit of a weight gain issue, but still much better than olanzapine. So my question is, as these obesity products become a little bit more affordable in commonplace, would patients on these weight-loss drugs be more willing to consider LYBALVI versus not?

[C. Nichols, executive]

Yes. Absolutely, Ash. I'll take that. So in terms of market access, the way that we really think about market access, as you know, there's 3 channels: Medicaid, Medicare and commercial. And access is really dependent upon the formulator design of each of those payers.

LYBALVI has very strong access and there is a pathway to access for patients. So we think about this in terms of providing a healthy balance of contracting plus services to help patients get on therapy. The reason why we do that is we know that once you start increasing gross to net, it's very difficult to pull that back. So our primary focus really is net sales profitability for each unit. Our expectation for the year is that gross to net would be relatively stable to where we ended. But it's a constant discussion that we have with commercial payers. And we're constantly -- we look at each discussion each opportunity on an individual basis by individual payers. And we have to balance and we look at what is the gross to net expectation versus the volume expectation. And our focus is really net sales.

At this point right now, we think that LYBALVI continues to be available to the majority of patients. We hear that from HCPs, their perception is that the access is similar to the other branded agents. So we're not seeing that as a rate-limiting step at this point right now.

In terms of weight gain, there was -- in terms -- that was the big hypothesis behind developing LYBALVI. That's always a rate-limiting step with olanzapine, it's the metabolic profile and also weight gain, and we addressed that with LYBALVI. And so our expectation right now is that based upon the efficacy of olanzapine, we're going to continue to see broad utilization. The benefit to weight gain actually just supports it to be a foundational therapy for maintenance treatment. So it will be yet to be determined what's going to happen with some of the weight loss products that come into the marketplace right now. But our expectation is that we will continue to see strong demand for LYBALVI in '24.

[Operator]

Our final question is from the line of Uy Ear with Mizuho Securities.

[Uy Ear, analyst]

Could you, I guess, speak a little bit about the -- what's your expectations are for the gross and net for LYBALVI -- not LYBALVI, VIVITROL and ARISTADA for 2024?

And also, can you sort of speak about what came out of the SG&A in 2023 versus 2024? If you were able to quantify that a little, that'd be great. Just wondering how much you're planning to spend on DTC going into 2024?

And a quick third question. What's the timing for the data readout for NT2 and IH?

[Blair Jackson, executive]

This is Blair. Why don't I start with just the SG&A. So I think it's important to recognize that as you compare '23 to '24, that it becomes difficult because '23 was such a complicated year for us, a year where we had a number of activities that were ongoing. We have an efficiency program that we're running through the organization to ensure that we're driving efficiency on every line item. We also had a number of onetime expenses along in SG&A, particularly in the G&A element of that, associated with the separation of the Mural Oncology business.

So those things really drive the predominant difference between '23 and '24.

And I'll turn it over to Todd to answer specific questions on DTC.

[C. Nichols, executive]

Yes, absolutely. In terms of DTC, again, we feel really good about the overall program that we have. It tested very well in market research, and we're starting to see the benefits of -- to new patient starts. It's a broad campaign that includes [ TV plus ] digital assets. Our plan is to continue that in 2024. Yes, obviously, for competitive reasons, I'm not going to get into the specifics on the spend level, but we watch it very closely throughout the year. We watch it on a quarterly basis, and we're going to continue to invest in DTC.

In terms of gross to net for VIVITROL and for ARISTADA, we expect both of those products to be fairly consistent with the recent trends. So approximately 54% for VIVITROL and approximately 56% for ARISTADA for 2024.

[Uy Ear, analyst]

And when do you expect the readout for the NT2 and IH Phase I study?

[Richard F. Pops, executive]

It's Rich. We're completing that enrollment as we speak. So when we clean up those data, I'm looking to Sandy, but I think what we'll probably do is top line those data because there's not an immediate medical meeting until early summer or the fall.

So it'll probably give us a sense on the top line of the results and then wait for a medical meeting for the full disclosure.

[Operator]

At this time, we've reached the end of the question-and-answer session. I'll now turn the call over to Sandy Coombs for closing remarks.

[Sandra Coombs, executive]

All right. Thanks, Rob. Thanks, everyone, for joining us on the call today. Please don't hesitate to reach out to us at the company for any follow-up questions. Thank you.

[Operator]

This concludes today's conference. You may disconnect your lines at this time. Thank you for your participation.